Ever since Chesbrough coined the term “Open Innovation” (which will be referred also with the abbreviation OI within the current dissertation) in his seminal work, the concept of opening company boundaries to assimilate and exploit external knowledge has gained more and more attention from researchers becoming nowadays one of the most discussed topics. In order to face the variability and the unpredictability of the current environment, companies are increasingly focusing on innovativeness as the major source of competitive advantage, adapting their business model to the rapid diffusion of knowledge and to the growing R&D costs by shifting from a closed to an open approach. It has been demonstrated by several studies within the existing literature that Open Innovation is beneficial for company innovation performance, although there are many factors that firms need to take into account in order to make such paradigm effective. The objective of this dissertation is to verify the evidences from the literature in a mature commodity market like the Italian energy one, where innovation is perceived as the major source to survive the increasing competition, investigating then the role of two of the main challenges faced by companies: firm culture and organisational structure. The first step taken in this study has therefore been to understand the characteristics, dynamics and factors of the Open Innovation theme. An extensive review of existing literature has been performed, analysing more than 70 papers. The first part of the literature review provides a detailed picture of the current Open Innovation state of the art: OI is a paradigm that assumes that firms can and should use external ideas as well as internal ideas, and internal and external paths to market, as the firms look to advance their technology. Going in detail, Open Innovation finds its application into several practices that can be classified into inbound, referring to the ability to gain and explore external sources to bring ideas inside the firm and commercialize them in the form of new products and processes, and outbound, related to the externalization of internal knowledge and ideas that are not exploited by the innovating company to develop new products or services. The second part moves the focus on the relationship between Open Innovation and company innovation performance. According to the large number of empirical evidences from the literature, the two variables demonstrate to be positively correlated independently from the measures adopted. The positive relationship persists even considering inbound and outbound practices separately although the magnitude of outbound evidences is much more narrow than inbound. The last sections investigate the role of firm culture and organisational structure within the open paradigm after having analysed separately the two topics from a wider perspective. On one hand, Open Innovation requires a radical change on a cultural level to build a mindset that values external knowledge and know-how, where external adaptation and internal integration are the main drivers. On the other hand, companies must design an organisational structure, which can guarantee an appropriate degree of flexibility to promptly and efficiently adapt its strategy to the changing environment. In achieving this result, it has been observed that several companies build independent teams and/or identify an innovation champion with the aim to reach the required level of ambidexterity. The different streams have been successively put together in order to develop a theoretical framework which provides a comprehensive and integrated picture and clarifies how to best adopt such paradigm. The model is made of three dimensions (Who, Why, How), corresponding to the different literature streams, which are then broken down into further sub-levels. On the basis of the evidences from the literature and the theoretical framework developed, seven hypotheses have been formulated with the aim of scientifically testing the application of the Open Innovation paradigm in the Italian energy sector. The literature analysis has pointed out the broad field of study connected to Open Innovation, but it also allowed to identify two main gaps: first there are still few studies that investigate in an integrated way the relationship between Open Innovation and company innovation performance, including the role of firm culture and organisational structure, secondly literature lacks a systematic analysis focused on the adoption of Open Innovation in a mature commodity sector like the energy one. In order to simultaneously fill these gaps and considering the lack of available databases from the reference market, data have been collected directly from companies operating in the Italian energy sector through a survey, which was assessed as the best approach to gather primary data. The literature has still been the guideline during the process of composition of the survey. Overall, 83 usable answers have been collected. The data obtained allowed to carry out valuable empirical analyses. In particular, a descriptive analysis aimed to depict a general overview of the phenomenon and a statistical one focused on testing the proposed hypotheses. What emerges from these analyses is that Open Innovation is beneficial for company innovation performance also in the Italian energy sector, however, differently from what expected, outbound practices result to be more effective than inbound ones. The positive relationship between the two variables is determined by a key factor, the breath: companies need to leverage on a wide spectrum of practices in order to get positive results from the open paradigm. Companies operating in this sector demonstrate a high willingness to open their boundaries to the external environment to spur innovation, but they have not formalized yet this cultural orientation into a structured operational strategy and consequently the level of Open Innovation adoption is quite low. The inconsistency that seems to exist between the declared high level of innovation performance and the low level of OI adoption could be explained by three factors: firm culture, organisational structure and internal R&D. In order to build a proper innovation strategy, companies must take into account the role played by culture and organisational structure: in this perspective, this study enlarges the existing horizon, demonstrating that these two factors act as positive moderators between company innovation performance and OI adoption and therefore they prove to be not only enablers of Open Innovation, but also amplifiers of its effects. On the other hand, Open Innovation is not a substitute of internal R&D, but the two approaches can coexist inside the same innovation strategy in order to increase the obtainable benefits. Therefore, it results that the Italian energy sector is still behind other markets on this topic, but companies are more and more gaining awareness of the power of Open Innovation and they are taking actions in this direction. The current work has considerable implications for managers operating in the Italian energy sector: it brings attention on the relevance of Open Innovation in this specific market, highlighting the most important factors on which it is essential to leverage on in order to get positive returns. On the other hand, there are some limitations concerning particularly the analysis framework, the structure of the survey and the reliability of gathered data, which must be taken into account and could also drive future research to enlarge the existing knowledge.
Sin da quando Chesbrough coniò il termine “Open Innovation”, l’apertura dei confini aziendali volta ad assimilare e sfruttare conoscenze esterne ha guadagnato sempre più attenzione da parte dei ricercatori, diventando uno dei temi più discussi dell’ultimo decennio. Per far fronte alla variabilità e all'imprevedibilità dell'ambiente attuale, le imprese si concentrano sempre più sull'innovazione come principale fonte di vantaggio competitivo, adattando il loro modello di business alla rapida diffusione della conoscenza e ai crescenti costi di R&D, passando da un approccio chiuso a uno aperto. Diversi studi hanno dimostrato che l'Open Innovation apporta benefici alle performance innovative delle imprese, sebbene vi siano molti fattori da prendere in considerazione al fine di rendere tale paradigma efficace. L'obiettivo di questa tesi è quello di verificare le evidenze della letteratura in un mercato maturo come quello energetico italiano, dove l'innovazione è percepita come il principale mezzo per far fronte alla crescente concorrenza, esaminando inoltre il ruolo di due delle principali sfide che le imprese devono fronteggiare: cultura aziendale e struttura organizzativa. Il primo passo di questa ricerca è stato quindi quello di comprendere le caratteristiche, le dinamiche e i fattori del tema Open Innovation. A tal fine si è realizzata un'ampia rassegna della letteratura disponibile, analizzando più di 70 documenti. La prima parte di tale sezione fornisce un quadro dettagliato dell'attuale stato dell'arte dell’Open Innovation, definito come paradigma che presuppone che le imprese possano e debbano utilizzare idee esterne e interne e percorsi di mercato interni ed esterni nel tentativo di far progredire la tecnologia a loro disposizione. Nello specifico, Open Innovation trova la sua applicazione in diverse pratiche che possono essere classificate come “inbound”, che fanno riferimento alla capacità di acquisire ed esplorare fonti esterne per portare idee all'interno dell'azienda e commercializzarle sotto forma di nuovi prodotti e processi, e “outbound”, relative all'esternalizzazione di conoscenze e idee interne che non vengono sfruttate dall'azienda innovatrice per sviluppare nuovi prodotti o servizi. La seconda parte sposta invece l'attenzione sul rapporto tra Open Innovation e performance innovative delle imprese. Seguendo il gran numero di prove empiriche appartenenti alla letteratura, le due variabili dimostrano di essere positivamente correlate indipendentemente dalle misure adottate. La relazione positiva persiste anche considerando le due tipologie di pratiche separatamente, nonostante la quantità delle prove inerenti alle “outbound” sono molto più limitate rispetto alle “inbound”. Le ultime sezioni studiano infine il ruolo della cultura aziendale e della struttura organizzativa nell’ambito dell’OI, dopo aver analizzato tali temi da una più ampia prospettiva. Da un lato l'Open Innovation richiede un cambiamento radicale a livello culturale per costruire una mentalità che valorizzi la conoscenza e il know-how esterni, di cui adattamento esterno e integrazione interna rappresentano i principali motori. D’altra parte, le imprese devono progettare una struttura organizzativa in grado di garantire un adeguato grado di flessibilità per adattare rapidamente ed efficacemente la propria strategia all'ambiente in continua evoluzione. Nel raggiungere questo risultato è stato osservato che diverse aziende costruiscono team indipendenti e/o identificano un responsabile dell’innovazione con l'obiettivo di raggiungere il livello richiesto di ambidestrismo. I diversi filoni della letteratura sono stati successivamente uniti al fine di sviluppare un framework teorico che potesse fornire un quadro completo e integrato e chiarisse come adottare al meglio tale paradigma. Il modello è costituito da tre dimensioni (Who, Why, How), corrispondenti ai diversi topic letterari, suddivisi poi in ulteriori sottolivelli. Sulla base delle evidenze della letteratura e del framework teorico sviluppato, sono state dunque formulate sette ipotesi volte a testare scientificamente l'applicazione del paradigma di Open Innovation nel settore energetico italiano. L' analisi bibliografica ha confermato l’esistenza di un’ampia base teorica legata all'Open Innovation, ma ha anche permesso di individuare due principali lacune: in primo luogo vi sono ancora pochi studi che indagano in modo integrato il rapporto tra Open Innovation e performance innovative, includendo il ruolo della cultura aziendale e della struttura organizzativa; in secondo luogo, la letteratura manca di un'analisi sistematica incentrata sull'adozione dell'Open Innovation in un settore merceologico maturo come quello dell'energia. Al fine di colmare tali lacune e tenuto conto della mancanza di database disponibili sul mercato di riferimento, i dati sono stati raccolti direttamente presso le società energetiche italiane con l’utilizzo di un questionario, valutato come l'approccio migliore per raccogliere dati primari. La letteratura è stata la linea guida durante il processo di scrittura di tale sondaggio, che ha permesso di raccogliere 83 risposte valide. I dati ottenuti hanno consentito di effettuare le successive analisi empiriche. In particolare, sono state condotte un'analisi descrittiva, volta a fornire un quadro generale del fenomeno e una statistica, incentrata invece sulla verifica delle ipotesi proposte. Ciò che emerge è che l’Open Innovation è vantaggiosa per le performance innovative anche nel settore di riferimenti, tuttavia, diversamente da quanto previsto, le pratiche “outbound” sono risultate più efficaci di quelle “inbound”. Il rapporto positivo tra le due variabili è determinato da un fattore chiave, ovvero il livello di adozione: le aziende infatti hanno bisogno di implementare un ampio spettro di pratiche prima di ottenere risultati positivi da tale paradigma. Le aziende che operano in questo settore dimostrano un'alta disponibilità ad aprire i loro confini all'ambiente esterno per stimolare l'innovazione, ma non hanno ancora formalizzato questo orientamento culturale in una strategia operativa strutturata rendendo quindi il livello di adozione di Open Innovation piuttosto basso. L'incoerenza che sembra sussistere tra l'elevato dichiarato livello di prestazioni in materia di innovazione e il basso livello di adozione di OI può essere spiegata da tre fattori: cultura aziendale, struttura organizzativa e R&D interna. Per costruire un'adeguata strategia di innovazione, le imprese devono tenere conto del ruolo svolto dalla cultura e dalla struttura organizzativa: da questo punto di vista, tale studio amplia la conoscenza esistente, dimostrando come questi due fattori fungono da moderatori positivi tra performance di innovazione e l'adozione di Open Innovation e quindi si rivelano non solo elementi che favoriscono tale paradigma, ma anche amplificatori dei suoi effetti. D'altra parte, l'Open Innovation non sostituisce l’R&D interna: entrambi infatti devono coesistere all'interno della stessa strategia di innovazione per aumentare i benefici ottenibili. Ne consegue che il settore energetico italiano è ancora impreparato rispetto ad altri settori su questo tema, ma le aziende stanno guadagnando sempre più consapevolezza della forza dell'Open Innovation e stanno intraprendendo azioni in questa direzione. Questo studio ha notevoli implicazioni per i manager a capo delle imprese operanti nel settore di rifermento, richiamando l'attenzione sulla rilevanza che l’OI ha in questo specifico mercato ed evidenziandone i fattori più importanti sui quali è essenziale fare leva per ottenere rendimenti positivi. D'altra parte, vi sono alcune limitazioni riguardanti in particolare la struttura dell'indagine e l'affidabilità dei dati raccolti, che devono essere prese in considerazione e potrebbero guidare un’ipotetica ricerca futura volta ad ampliare le conoscenze esistenti.
Open innovation : the effects on company innovation performance in the Italian energy sector
GALELLA, SIMONE;COLOMBO, STEFANO
2018/2019
Abstract
Ever since Chesbrough coined the term “Open Innovation” (which will be referred also with the abbreviation OI within the current dissertation) in his seminal work, the concept of opening company boundaries to assimilate and exploit external knowledge has gained more and more attention from researchers becoming nowadays one of the most discussed topics. In order to face the variability and the unpredictability of the current environment, companies are increasingly focusing on innovativeness as the major source of competitive advantage, adapting their business model to the rapid diffusion of knowledge and to the growing R&D costs by shifting from a closed to an open approach. It has been demonstrated by several studies within the existing literature that Open Innovation is beneficial for company innovation performance, although there are many factors that firms need to take into account in order to make such paradigm effective. The objective of this dissertation is to verify the evidences from the literature in a mature commodity market like the Italian energy one, where innovation is perceived as the major source to survive the increasing competition, investigating then the role of two of the main challenges faced by companies: firm culture and organisational structure. The first step taken in this study has therefore been to understand the characteristics, dynamics and factors of the Open Innovation theme. An extensive review of existing literature has been performed, analysing more than 70 papers. The first part of the literature review provides a detailed picture of the current Open Innovation state of the art: OI is a paradigm that assumes that firms can and should use external ideas as well as internal ideas, and internal and external paths to market, as the firms look to advance their technology. Going in detail, Open Innovation finds its application into several practices that can be classified into inbound, referring to the ability to gain and explore external sources to bring ideas inside the firm and commercialize them in the form of new products and processes, and outbound, related to the externalization of internal knowledge and ideas that are not exploited by the innovating company to develop new products or services. The second part moves the focus on the relationship between Open Innovation and company innovation performance. According to the large number of empirical evidences from the literature, the two variables demonstrate to be positively correlated independently from the measures adopted. The positive relationship persists even considering inbound and outbound practices separately although the magnitude of outbound evidences is much more narrow than inbound. The last sections investigate the role of firm culture and organisational structure within the open paradigm after having analysed separately the two topics from a wider perspective. On one hand, Open Innovation requires a radical change on a cultural level to build a mindset that values external knowledge and know-how, where external adaptation and internal integration are the main drivers. On the other hand, companies must design an organisational structure, which can guarantee an appropriate degree of flexibility to promptly and efficiently adapt its strategy to the changing environment. In achieving this result, it has been observed that several companies build independent teams and/or identify an innovation champion with the aim to reach the required level of ambidexterity. The different streams have been successively put together in order to develop a theoretical framework which provides a comprehensive and integrated picture and clarifies how to best adopt such paradigm. The model is made of three dimensions (Who, Why, How), corresponding to the different literature streams, which are then broken down into further sub-levels. On the basis of the evidences from the literature and the theoretical framework developed, seven hypotheses have been formulated with the aim of scientifically testing the application of the Open Innovation paradigm in the Italian energy sector. The literature analysis has pointed out the broad field of study connected to Open Innovation, but it also allowed to identify two main gaps: first there are still few studies that investigate in an integrated way the relationship between Open Innovation and company innovation performance, including the role of firm culture and organisational structure, secondly literature lacks a systematic analysis focused on the adoption of Open Innovation in a mature commodity sector like the energy one. In order to simultaneously fill these gaps and considering the lack of available databases from the reference market, data have been collected directly from companies operating in the Italian energy sector through a survey, which was assessed as the best approach to gather primary data. The literature has still been the guideline during the process of composition of the survey. Overall, 83 usable answers have been collected. The data obtained allowed to carry out valuable empirical analyses. In particular, a descriptive analysis aimed to depict a general overview of the phenomenon and a statistical one focused on testing the proposed hypotheses. What emerges from these analyses is that Open Innovation is beneficial for company innovation performance also in the Italian energy sector, however, differently from what expected, outbound practices result to be more effective than inbound ones. The positive relationship between the two variables is determined by a key factor, the breath: companies need to leverage on a wide spectrum of practices in order to get positive results from the open paradigm. Companies operating in this sector demonstrate a high willingness to open their boundaries to the external environment to spur innovation, but they have not formalized yet this cultural orientation into a structured operational strategy and consequently the level of Open Innovation adoption is quite low. The inconsistency that seems to exist between the declared high level of innovation performance and the low level of OI adoption could be explained by three factors: firm culture, organisational structure and internal R&D. In order to build a proper innovation strategy, companies must take into account the role played by culture and organisational structure: in this perspective, this study enlarges the existing horizon, demonstrating that these two factors act as positive moderators between company innovation performance and OI adoption and therefore they prove to be not only enablers of Open Innovation, but also amplifiers of its effects. On the other hand, Open Innovation is not a substitute of internal R&D, but the two approaches can coexist inside the same innovation strategy in order to increase the obtainable benefits. Therefore, it results that the Italian energy sector is still behind other markets on this topic, but companies are more and more gaining awareness of the power of Open Innovation and they are taking actions in this direction. The current work has considerable implications for managers operating in the Italian energy sector: it brings attention on the relevance of Open Innovation in this specific market, highlighting the most important factors on which it is essential to leverage on in order to get positive returns. On the other hand, there are some limitations concerning particularly the analysis framework, the structure of the survey and the reliability of gathered data, which must be taken into account and could also drive future research to enlarge the existing knowledge.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/150566