In the last decade, several methodologies for the acquisition of the electrocardiogram (ECG) have been proposed, with an increasing focus on the topics of wearability and non-invasiveness. The standard clinical procedure for the ECG acquisition uses wet Ag/AgCl electrodes which are hygienic, inexpensive, and produce a good quality ECG track. For these reasons, wet electrodes have become the standard in the hospital environment. Despite the advantages, there are some scenarios in which this technology has some issues. Using wet electrodes is inconvenient in emergency situations as they require the patient skin to be prepared before they are applied. Some problems also arise in long-term monitoring: the extended contact can cause irritation on some patients and the signal quality degrades significantly over time as the gel in the electrodes dries. To overcome these limits, complementary technologies have been proposed: dry and capacitive electrodes. Both technologies do not use any gel, hence solving the irritation problem. In addition, capacitive electrodes allow the ECG signal to be acquired through a dielectric layer. Examining the equipment used to perform the ECG, some limits can be found as well. In emergency scenarios, it may be inconvenient or impossible to carry a traditional multi-lead ECG acquisition system. Moreover, the wires required for its functioning may entangle and in general its usage is difficult and sluggish. Our solution was conceived having paramedics needs in mind: oftentimes they have to operate in emergency situations and in remote locations where medical equipment is scarce. In these situations, it is mandatory to have a portable, light-weight, and ready to use equipment. In this thesis we propose a proof of concept of a new system to acquire the ECG made of a pair of gloves equipped with electrodes, a circuit board used for signal processing and transmission, and a smartphone used to visualize the acquired signal and other relevant data.
Nell'ultimo decennio, diverse metodologie per l'acquisizione dell’elettrocardiogramma (ECG) sono state proposte, con una particolare attenzione ai temi dell'indossabilità e della non-invasività. La procedura standard, con valenza medica, per l’acquisizione dell’ECG prevede l’uso di elettrodi Ag/AgCl ricoperti di gel conduttivo. Questi elettrodi sono economici, igienici, e garantiscono una buona qualità del segnale. Vi sono però alcuni scenari in cui questa tecnologia mostra alcune limitazioni. In situazioni di emergenza non è possibile preparare l'epidermide, complicandone l'uso. Inoltre, nel monitoraggio cardiaco a lungo termine, il contatto prolungato può provocare irritazioni in alcuni pazienti e la qualità del segnale degrada in modo significativo con il passare dei giorni e la conseguente disidratazione del gel. Per superare queste limitazioni, due tecnologie complementari sono state proposte: elettrodi secchi e capacitivi. Entrambi sono privi di gel, risolvono quindi il problema dell’irritazione e permettono il riutilizzo. Inoltre, gli elettrodi capacitivi possono essere utilizzati anche attraverso uno strato di isolante, come ad esempio un indumento. Analizzando la strumentazione necessaria per la lettura del segnale ECG si possono individuare altre limitazioni. In situazioni di emergenza può risultare poco pratico o impossibile portare con sé un sistema multi-derivazione, inoltre, il sistema di cavi richiesto per il suo funzionamento non la rende facilmente e prontamente utilizzabile. La nostra soluzione è stata progettata per i paramedici che si trovano ad operare in situazioni di emergenza e in luoghi non adeguatamente forniti di strumentazione medica. In tale scenario è imperativo avere un’attrezzatura portatile, leggera e che possa essere prontamente utilizzata. In questo elaborato proponiamo un prototipo di un sistema per l'acquisizione dell’ECG formato da un paio di guanti dotati di elettrodi, un circuito di acquisizione e comunicazione wireless ed uno smartphone usato per visualizzare il segnale ed altre informazioni chiave.
Design of a handheld ECG acquisition system for first-aid response
CAROLI, ALESSANDRO
2018/2019
Abstract
In the last decade, several methodologies for the acquisition of the electrocardiogram (ECG) have been proposed, with an increasing focus on the topics of wearability and non-invasiveness. The standard clinical procedure for the ECG acquisition uses wet Ag/AgCl electrodes which are hygienic, inexpensive, and produce a good quality ECG track. For these reasons, wet electrodes have become the standard in the hospital environment. Despite the advantages, there are some scenarios in which this technology has some issues. Using wet electrodes is inconvenient in emergency situations as they require the patient skin to be prepared before they are applied. Some problems also arise in long-term monitoring: the extended contact can cause irritation on some patients and the signal quality degrades significantly over time as the gel in the electrodes dries. To overcome these limits, complementary technologies have been proposed: dry and capacitive electrodes. Both technologies do not use any gel, hence solving the irritation problem. In addition, capacitive electrodes allow the ECG signal to be acquired through a dielectric layer. Examining the equipment used to perform the ECG, some limits can be found as well. In emergency scenarios, it may be inconvenient or impossible to carry a traditional multi-lead ECG acquisition system. Moreover, the wires required for its functioning may entangle and in general its usage is difficult and sluggish. Our solution was conceived having paramedics needs in mind: oftentimes they have to operate in emergency situations and in remote locations where medical equipment is scarce. In these situations, it is mandatory to have a portable, light-weight, and ready to use equipment. In this thesis we propose a proof of concept of a new system to acquire the ECG made of a pair of gloves equipped with electrodes, a circuit board used for signal processing and transmission, and a smartphone used to visualize the acquired signal and other relevant data.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2019_12_Caroli.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/150626