All the Waste To Energy plants in Europe are subject to the ordinances of the Directive 2010/75/EU, among which the “T2s requirement”, that imposes that the exhaust gases coming from the combustion of waste must be kept at a temperature of at least 850°C for at least two seconds after the last injection of combustion air, in order to guarantee the complete thermal destruction of possible organo-halogenated compounds (e.g. dioxins and furans). This conventional temperature cannot be directly measured; thus, an estimation is done through an algorithm that links it to quantities which are instead taken in the plant. Such an algorithm must be implemented in the Distributed Control System (DCS) for the continuous verification of the requirement, so that auxiliary burners may be activated in case of necessity. Then, the goal of this Thesis is the development of an algorithm for the estimation of the T2s for a large Italian Waste To Energy plant, that is able to provide results that are as close as possible to the ones valuable with the application of the German “BMU” normative, that is an important reference, at European level, for the experimental verification of the compliance to the T2s requirement. Such a goal is pursued by adopting a mathematical model of the primary and secondary combustion processes and of the heat exchange phenomena that take place in the combustion chamber and in the radiant channel. The model has been calibrated to reproduce to the best the behavior of the plant at issue, and therefore used to carry out a sufficiently high number of simulations, making the variables that influence the process (waste properties, boiler conditions,...) vary. The algorithm has been found following the approach of the minimum envelope of the obtained results, in order to always guarantee the achievement of precautionary estimations of the T2s. The values computed in this way have been then compared with the ones provided by the algorithm currently implemented in the considered plant, highlighting that the new algorithm always ensures the respect of the T2s requirement, with on average restrained underestimations.
Tutti gli impianti di termovalorizzazione in Europa devono sottostare alle prescrizioni della Direttiva 2010/75/UE, tra le quali il “requisito T2s”, che impone che i fumi provenienti dalla combustione dei rifiuti siano mantenuti a una temperatura di almeno 850°C per almeno due secondi dopo l’ultima iniezione di aria di combustione, in modo tale da garantire la completa termodistruzione di eventuali composti organo-alogenati (e.g. diossine e furani). Questa temperatura convenzionale non può essere direttamente misurata; si effettua, quindi, una stima mediante un algoritmo che la relazioni a grandezze che invece vengono rilevate nell’impianto. Tale algoritmo deve essere implementato nel Distributed Control System (DCS) per la verifica in continuo del rispetto del requisito, in modo tale che bruciatori ausiliari siano attivati in caso di necessità. L’obiettivo di questa Tesi è dunque lo sviluppo di un algoritmo di stima della T2s per un grande termovalorizzatore italiano, in grado di fornire risultati il più possibile vicini a quelli valutabili mediante l’applicazione della normativa tedesca “BMU”, importante riferimento a livello Europeo per la verifica sperimentale della conformità al requisito T2s. Tale obiettivo è perseguito utilizzando un modello matematico dei processi di combustione primaria e secondaria e dei fenomeni di scambio termico che avvengono nel combustore e nel canale radiante. Il modello è stato calibrato per riprodurre al meglio il comportamento dell’impianto in questione, quindi è stato utilizzato per svolgere un numero sufficientemente elevato di simulazioni al variare delle grandezze influenti sul processo (proprietà del rifiuto, condizioni della caldaia,...). L’algoritmo è stato ricavato seguendo l’approccio dell’inviluppo minimo dei risultati ottenuti, in modo tale da garantire sempre il conseguimento di stime cautelative della T2s. I valori calcolati con questo approccio sono stati in seguito confrontati con quelli forniti dall’algoritmo attualmente impiegato nell’impianto considerato, evidenziando come il nuovo algoritmo garantisca sempre il rispetto del requisito T2s, con sottostime mediamente contenute.
Development of an algorithm for the continuous monitoring of the T2s temperature in waste to energy plants
RICCARDI, LUCA
2018/2019
Abstract
All the Waste To Energy plants in Europe are subject to the ordinances of the Directive 2010/75/EU, among which the “T2s requirement”, that imposes that the exhaust gases coming from the combustion of waste must be kept at a temperature of at least 850°C for at least two seconds after the last injection of combustion air, in order to guarantee the complete thermal destruction of possible organo-halogenated compounds (e.g. dioxins and furans). This conventional temperature cannot be directly measured; thus, an estimation is done through an algorithm that links it to quantities which are instead taken in the plant. Such an algorithm must be implemented in the Distributed Control System (DCS) for the continuous verification of the requirement, so that auxiliary burners may be activated in case of necessity. Then, the goal of this Thesis is the development of an algorithm for the estimation of the T2s for a large Italian Waste To Energy plant, that is able to provide results that are as close as possible to the ones valuable with the application of the German “BMU” normative, that is an important reference, at European level, for the experimental verification of the compliance to the T2s requirement. Such a goal is pursued by adopting a mathematical model of the primary and secondary combustion processes and of the heat exchange phenomena that take place in the combustion chamber and in the radiant channel. The model has been calibrated to reproduce to the best the behavior of the plant at issue, and therefore used to carry out a sufficiently high number of simulations, making the variables that influence the process (waste properties, boiler conditions,...) vary. The algorithm has been found following the approach of the minimum envelope of the obtained results, in order to always guarantee the achievement of precautionary estimations of the T2s. The values computed in this way have been then compared with the ones provided by the algorithm currently implemented in the considered plant, highlighting that the new algorithm always ensures the respect of the T2s requirement, with on average restrained underestimations.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/150657