Heparin is the most widely used anticoagulant drug in the world. It is administered in several cases, for example for the prevention and treatment of thrombosis or during cardiac surgery. During the latter, the plasma concentration of heparin and the consequent effect on the patient's body is difficult to control. Nowadays one of the indicators capable of describing the evolution of the patient's operation is the activated clotting time. The present thesis work will take as a case study the administration of unfractionated heparin during cardiopulmonary bypass operations. During this type of intervention, patients are connected to an external machine, called the heart-lung machine, with the task of replicating the vitals of the heart and lungs. To prevent the activation of the hemostatic process within the circuit, unfractionated heparin is administered. The aim of this thesis work is to analyze how heparin interacts with the human body, to predict the activated clotting time during the cardio-pulmonary bypass. To this end, a pharmacological model was developed, consisting of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model and a pharmacodynamic model. The first, describes, through material balances, the concentration of heparin in the human circulatory system, through the subdivision into two compartments. Furthermore, by estimating its physiological parameters based on individual characteristics and using correlations deriving from the literature, it produces a prediction of the plasma concentration of heparin as a function of time. The pharmacodynamic model, through material balances on the species involved in the coagulation cascade, estimates the coagulation time as a function of heparin concentration. The combined pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model, based on the clinical data available for each patient, will be able to individualize the trend of the coagulation time in response to the heparin dosage administered during the entire time frame of the operation.
L’eparina è il farmaco anticoagulante più utilizzato al mondo. Essa viene somministrata in diversi casi, ad esempio per la prevenzione ed il trattamento di trombosi o durante interventi cardiochirurgici. Durante questi ultimi, la concentrazione plasmatica di eparina ed il conseguente effetto sul corpo del paziente è di difficile controllo. Al giorno d’oggi uno degli indicatori capace di descrivere l’evoluzione dell’operazione del paziente è il tempo di coagulazione attivato. Il presente lavoro di tesi prenderà come caso studio la somministrazione di eparina non frazionata durante gli interventi di bypass cardiopolmonare. Durante questa tipologia di interventi, i pazienti vengono collegati ad una macchina esterna, chiamata macchina cuore-polmone, con il compito di replicare le funzioni vitali del cuore e dei polmoni. Per evitare che si verifichi l’attivazione del processo emostatico all’interno del circuito, viene somministrata eparina non frazionata. L’obiettivo del presente lavoro di tesi è quello di analizzare come l’eparina interagisca con il corpo umano, per prevedere il tempo di coagulazione attivato durante il bypass cardio-polmonare. A tal fine, è stato sviluppato un modello farmacologico, composto da un modello farmacocinetico basato sulla fisiologia e da un modello farmacodinamico. Il primo descrive attraverso bilanci materiali la concentrazione di eparina nel sistema circolatorio umano, tramite la suddivisione in due compartimenti. Inoltre, attraverso la stima dei suoi parametri fisiologici in base alle caratteristiche individuali ed impiegando correlazioni derivanti dalla letteratura, produce una previsione della concentrazione plasmatica di eparina in funzione del tempo. Il modello farmacodinamico, attraverso bilanci materiali sulle specie coinvolte nella cascata di coagulazione, stima il tempo di coagulazione in funzione della concentrazione di eparina. Il modello combinato farmacocinetico-farmacodinamico, sulla base dei dati clinici disponibili per ciascun paziente, sarà in grado di individualizzare l’andamento del tempo di coagulazione in risposta al dosaggio eparinico somministrato durante tutto l’arco di tempo dell’operazione.
Modellazione farmacocinetica e farmacodinamica dell'eparina per la predizione del tempo di coagulazione in pazienti sottoposti a bypass cardio-polmonare
REGORDA, FILIPPO;VIGONI, EMILIANO
2018/2019
Abstract
Heparin is the most widely used anticoagulant drug in the world. It is administered in several cases, for example for the prevention and treatment of thrombosis or during cardiac surgery. During the latter, the plasma concentration of heparin and the consequent effect on the patient's body is difficult to control. Nowadays one of the indicators capable of describing the evolution of the patient's operation is the activated clotting time. The present thesis work will take as a case study the administration of unfractionated heparin during cardiopulmonary bypass operations. During this type of intervention, patients are connected to an external machine, called the heart-lung machine, with the task of replicating the vitals of the heart and lungs. To prevent the activation of the hemostatic process within the circuit, unfractionated heparin is administered. The aim of this thesis work is to analyze how heparin interacts with the human body, to predict the activated clotting time during the cardio-pulmonary bypass. To this end, a pharmacological model was developed, consisting of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model and a pharmacodynamic model. The first, describes, through material balances, the concentration of heparin in the human circulatory system, through the subdivision into two compartments. Furthermore, by estimating its physiological parameters based on individual characteristics and using correlations deriving from the literature, it produces a prediction of the plasma concentration of heparin as a function of time. The pharmacodynamic model, through material balances on the species involved in the coagulation cascade, estimates the coagulation time as a function of heparin concentration. The combined pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model, based on the clinical data available for each patient, will be able to individualize the trend of the coagulation time in response to the heparin dosage administered during the entire time frame of the operation.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/151214