In any surgical room, one of the most important roles is played by the anesthesiologist. Despite the high level of knowledge of the human body and its behavior and the recent technological improvements, administration of anesthesia can still be challenging. As for any other drug, the anesthetic ones also show a range of concentrations, the so-called therapeutic window, in which they ensure the desired result without any side-effects. The aim of anesthesiologists is to select the optimal anesthetic dose which guarantees to stay within the therapeutic window. However, several studies show a strong inter-individual variability in the response to anesthetic drugs. There is a huge number of factors producing this variability, many of them are related to the physiological differences among patients. For example, those related to the distinction between adult and pediatric patients. Target of this work is the development of a physiologically based (PB) pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model for the administration of Propofol, an anesthetic drug, to pediatric patients. The reference work is the PBPK model of Abbiati et al. (2016) that was developed for administration to adult patients. After an exhaustive review of the scientific literature, several correlations are proposed in this thesis, which appropriately describe the physiological characteristics of patients ranging from 0 to 20 years old, taking also into consideration the differences between genders. In particular, all the organs and tissues involved in the PBPK model were dimensioned following specific correlations derived according to the age, the weight or the body surface area (BSA) of each patient. The proposed PBPK model was validated using different experimental data related to pediatric patients. The pharmacological effect was linked to propofol concentration by means of a pharmacodynamic model. The PD model was developed starting from the modified E_max sigmoid equation and introducing a new compartment, called effect site compartment, in order to account for the physiological delay between the time required to reach the effective concentration and the actual manifestation of the effect on the patient. Again, the PD model was validated according to experimental data on Bispectral index (BIS) related to pediatric patients. In addition to the simulation purposes, another important application is closed-loop control of the anesthesia administration. The proposed PBPK-PD model was implemented in a model-predictive control algorithm for in silico simulations. A servo- and a regulator-problem were carried out in order to assess the controller performance involving pediatric patients.
In sala operatoria, gli anestesisti svolgono uno dei ruoli più importanti e critici. Nonostante l’elevato livello di conoscenza del corpo umano e del suo comportamento ed il progresso tecnologico, la somministrazione dell’anestesia è ancora un compito impegnativo. Come per tutti i farmaci, anche gli anestetici presentano un range di concentrazione, conosciuto come finestra terapeutica, entro il quale essi assicurano l’effetto desiderato senza alcun effetto collaterale. L’obbiettivo degli anestesisti è di selezionare la dose di anestetico ottimale che garantisce la permanenza all’interno della finestra terapeutica. Tuttavia, in numerosi studi è stata mostrata una forte variabilità inter individuale della risposta ai farmaci anestetici. Un grande numero di fattori produce questa variabilità, molti di questi sono collegati alle differenze fisiologiche tra i pazienti. Per esempio, quelle associate alla distinzione tra pazienti adulti e pediatrici. L’obbiettivo di questo lavoro è lo sviluppo di un modello farmacocinetico-farmacodinamico (PK-PD) basato sulla fisiologia (PB) per la somministrazione di un anestetico, il propofol, a pazienti pediatrici. Il lavoro di riferimento è il modello farmacocinetici di Abbiati et al. (2016), che è stato sviluppato per la somministrazione nei pazienti adulti. In seguito ad un’esaustiva revisione della letteratura, in questa tesi sono proposte diverse correlazioni che descrivono adeguatamente le caratteristiche fisiologiche di pazienti di età compresa tra 0 e 20 anni, considerando anche le differenze tra i due sessi. In particolare, tutti gli organi ed i tessuti coinvolti nel modello PBPK sono stati dimensionati seguendo le correlazioni specifiche derivate in base all’età, al peso o alla body surface area di ogni paziente. Il modello PBPK proposto è stato convalidato utilizzando diversi dati sperimentali relativi a pazienti pediatrici. L’effetto farmacologico è stato collegato alla concentrazione del propofol attraverso un modello farmacodinamico. Il modello PD è stato sviluppato a partire dall’equazione nota come E_max sigmoid equation modificata, ed introducendo un nuovo compartimento, chiamato effect site compartment, che permette di considerare il ritardo fisiologico tra il raggiungimento della concentrazione efficace e il reale effetto sul paziente. Nuovamente, il modello PD è stato convalidato con dati sperimentali sul Bispectral index (BIS) collegati a pazienti pediatrici. Oltre agli scopi simulativi, un’altra importante applicazione è il controllo automatizzato della somministrazione dell’anestesia. Il modello PBPK-PD proposto è stato implementato in un sistema di controllo predittivo basato su modello per simulazioni in silico della somministrazione dell’anestesia a pazienti pediatrici. Le performance del controllore sono state studiate simulando problemi di tipo “servoproblem” e di regolazione.
Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling for anesthesia in children
SALIS, DANIEL
2018/2019
Abstract
In any surgical room, one of the most important roles is played by the anesthesiologist. Despite the high level of knowledge of the human body and its behavior and the recent technological improvements, administration of anesthesia can still be challenging. As for any other drug, the anesthetic ones also show a range of concentrations, the so-called therapeutic window, in which they ensure the desired result without any side-effects. The aim of anesthesiologists is to select the optimal anesthetic dose which guarantees to stay within the therapeutic window. However, several studies show a strong inter-individual variability in the response to anesthetic drugs. There is a huge number of factors producing this variability, many of them are related to the physiological differences among patients. For example, those related to the distinction between adult and pediatric patients. Target of this work is the development of a physiologically based (PB) pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model for the administration of Propofol, an anesthetic drug, to pediatric patients. The reference work is the PBPK model of Abbiati et al. (2016) that was developed for administration to adult patients. After an exhaustive review of the scientific literature, several correlations are proposed in this thesis, which appropriately describe the physiological characteristics of patients ranging from 0 to 20 years old, taking also into consideration the differences between genders. In particular, all the organs and tissues involved in the PBPK model were dimensioned following specific correlations derived according to the age, the weight or the body surface area (BSA) of each patient. The proposed PBPK model was validated using different experimental data related to pediatric patients. The pharmacological effect was linked to propofol concentration by means of a pharmacodynamic model. The PD model was developed starting from the modified E_max sigmoid equation and introducing a new compartment, called effect site compartment, in order to account for the physiological delay between the time required to reach the effective concentration and the actual manifestation of the effect on the patient. Again, the PD model was validated according to experimental data on Bispectral index (BIS) related to pediatric patients. In addition to the simulation purposes, another important application is closed-loop control of the anesthesia administration. The proposed PBPK-PD model was implemented in a model-predictive control algorithm for in silico simulations. A servo- and a regulator-problem were carried out in order to assess the controller performance involving pediatric patients.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/151234