To meet strict environmental regulations, a lot of progress has been made in advancing the technology to reduce pollutant emissions; the development of diesel engines is an example. Although the use of diesel engines has increased fuel efficiency and decreased CO2 emissions, NOx and particulate emissions has increased. NSR and SCR reduce the NOx emissions into harmless N2 and environmentally friendly water. However, these catalytic systems start to be active around 200°C. This means NOx emissions produced during start-up of the engine leave unattended. Passive NOx adsorbents (PNAs) have been proposed as a solution to this cold start problem. PNAs are catalytic materials that adsorb NOx at lower temperatures and release the NOx when the temperature of the engine rises. This thesis work, therefore, investigates zeolite supported palladium (Pd/SSZ-13), prepared by impregnating the chabazite with Pd precursor followed by drying at 100°C and calcination at 750°C, as a possible PNA material. This thesis work gives emphasis to the effects of different operating conditions on the NOx storage and release behaviour of Pd/SSZ-13. The operating conditions considered are nitrogen monoxide concentration, carbon dioxide, water concentration, carbon monoxide, propylene, oxygen, nitrogen dioxide and catalyst pre-reduction. The effect of these parameters on the adsorption of NOx at 80°C has been tested. A standard experimental procedure consisted of a pre-treatment at 500°C in H2O, CO2 & O2; adsorption at 80°C in H2O, CO2, O2, NO; Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) at 10°C/min in H2O, CO2 & O2. Then, the operating conditions were varied, and the results compared to the standard test described above. The results show that increasing NO concentration does not significantly alter the adsorbed amount of NOx over Pd/SSZ-13 nor the NOx release behaviour. Nevertheless, it decreased the NOx storage efficiency i.e. to say the catalyst becomes saturated faster with higher NO concentrations.CO2 has no significant effect in the adsorption and desorption characteristics of Pd/SSZ-13. The presence of CO decreased the amount of NOx adsorbed if it is fed before NO whereas it slightly enhanced it if it is fed after NO. The presence of NO2 and the absence of H2O increased the amount of NOx stored although the NOx release temperatures are shifted to lower temperatures. The catalyst lost its adsorption capacity up on pre-reduction with hydrogen suggesting that adsorption takes place in oxidized Pd sites. The adsorption capacity was regenerated when the catalyst was re-oxidized with O2 at 500°C.
Per soddisfare le rigide normative ambientali, sono stati fatti molti progressi tecnologici in modo da ridurre le emissioni di inquinanti. Sebbene si siano ridotti i consumi di carburante e siano diminuite le emissioni di CO2, Le emissioni di NOx sono aumentate. NSR e SCR riducono le emissioni di NOx, trasformandoli in innocui N2 e acqua. Tuttavia, questi sistemi catalitici iniziano ad essere attivi intorno ai 200°C. Ciò significa che le emissioni di NOx prodotte durante l'avviamento a freddo del motore vengono emesse in ambiente. Gli adsorbenti passivi di NOx (PNA) sono stati proposti come soluzione a questo problema. I PNA sono materiali catalitici che adsorbono NOx a temperature più basse e li rilasciano quando la temperatura del motore aumenta. Questo lavoro di tesi studia il palladio supportato da zeolite (Pd / SSZ-13), preparato impregnando la chabazite con precursore Pd seguito da essiccazione a 100°C e calcinazione a 750°C, come possibile materiale PNA. Questo lavoro di tesi enfatizza gli effetti sul Pd / SSZ-13 delle diverse condizioni operative per quanto riguarda la capacità di stoccaggio di NOx e il rilascio degli stessi. Le condizioni operative considerate sono: concentrazione di monossido di azoto, anidride carbonica, concentrazione d'acqua, monossido di carbonio, propilene, ossigeno, biossido di azoto e pre-riduzione del catalizzatore. È stato testato l'effetto delle condizioni sull'adsorbimento di NOx a 80°C. La procedura sperimentale standard consisteva in un pretrattamento a 500°C in H2O, CO2 e O2; adsorbimento a 80°C in H2O, CO2, O2, NO; Desorbimento in programmata di temperatura (TPD) a 10°C / min in H2O, CO2 e O2. Quindi, le condizioni operative sono state cambiate e i risultati sono stati confrontati con il test standard sopra descritto. I risultati mostrano che l'aumento della concentrazione di NO non modifica in modo significativo la quantità adsorbita di NOx su Pd / SSZ-13 né il loro rilascio. Tuttavia, ha ridotto l'efficienza di stoccaggio degli NOx, vale a dire che il catalizzatore si satura più velocemente aumentando la concentrazione di NO. La CO2 non ha effetti significativi sulle caratteristiche di adsorbimento e desorbimento di Pd / SSZ-13. La presenza di CO ha diminuito la quantità di NOx adsorbito se viene alimentato prima dell’NO, mentre la aumenta leggermente se viene alimentato dopo. La presenza di NO2 e l'assenza di H2O hanno aumentato la quantità di NOx immagazzinata sebbene le temperature di rilascio degli NOx si siano spostate a valori più bassi. Il catalizzatore ha perso la sua capacità di adsorbimento a causa della pre-riduzione con idrogeno, suggerendo che l'adsorbimento avviene in siti Pd ossidati. La capacità di adsorbimento è stata rigenerata quando il catalizzatore è stato riossidato con O2 a 500°C.
Effect of operating conditions on Pd-based passive NOx adsorber
GEBREMESKEL, ATSBEHA GEBRESLASSIE
2018/2019
Abstract
To meet strict environmental regulations, a lot of progress has been made in advancing the technology to reduce pollutant emissions; the development of diesel engines is an example. Although the use of diesel engines has increased fuel efficiency and decreased CO2 emissions, NOx and particulate emissions has increased. NSR and SCR reduce the NOx emissions into harmless N2 and environmentally friendly water. However, these catalytic systems start to be active around 200°C. This means NOx emissions produced during start-up of the engine leave unattended. Passive NOx adsorbents (PNAs) have been proposed as a solution to this cold start problem. PNAs are catalytic materials that adsorb NOx at lower temperatures and release the NOx when the temperature of the engine rises. This thesis work, therefore, investigates zeolite supported palladium (Pd/SSZ-13), prepared by impregnating the chabazite with Pd precursor followed by drying at 100°C and calcination at 750°C, as a possible PNA material. This thesis work gives emphasis to the effects of different operating conditions on the NOx storage and release behaviour of Pd/SSZ-13. The operating conditions considered are nitrogen monoxide concentration, carbon dioxide, water concentration, carbon monoxide, propylene, oxygen, nitrogen dioxide and catalyst pre-reduction. The effect of these parameters on the adsorption of NOx at 80°C has been tested. A standard experimental procedure consisted of a pre-treatment at 500°C in H2O, CO2 & O2; adsorption at 80°C in H2O, CO2, O2, NO; Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) at 10°C/min in H2O, CO2 & O2. Then, the operating conditions were varied, and the results compared to the standard test described above. The results show that increasing NO concentration does not significantly alter the adsorbed amount of NOx over Pd/SSZ-13 nor the NOx release behaviour. Nevertheless, it decreased the NOx storage efficiency i.e. to say the catalyst becomes saturated faster with higher NO concentrations.CO2 has no significant effect in the adsorption and desorption characteristics of Pd/SSZ-13. The presence of CO decreased the amount of NOx adsorbed if it is fed before NO whereas it slightly enhanced it if it is fed after NO. The presence of NO2 and the absence of H2O increased the amount of NOx stored although the NOx release temperatures are shifted to lower temperatures. The catalyst lost its adsorption capacity up on pre-reduction with hydrogen suggesting that adsorption takes place in oxidized Pd sites. The adsorption capacity was regenerated when the catalyst was re-oxidized with O2 at 500°C.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/151244