In 2015 United Nations pointed out ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all as a major priority for developing countries. In this context fostering access to electricity represents a precondition to socio-economic development in Low Income Economies. Tanzania’s governmental policies recognize the role of a reliable and modern energy supply as a fundamental mean to address the poverty issues plaguing its population and achieve a rapid and stable growth. However, fast economic and demographic growth of the Country urgently calls for adequate planning of the future of its energy sector. In this work a thorough review of the present situation of the electricity system, the natural available resources and the Government political intentions of the United Republic of Tanzania was conducted. Different scenarios were modelled for the year 2040 to evaluate the impacts that a higher renewable penetration would have on the costs and the decisions of the energy system, compared to the generation capacity and transmission and distribution expansion plan proposed by TANESCO in the Power System Master Plan 2016 Update. A multi-nodal approach was adopted to describe the energy system and several high uncertainty parameters were explored through sensitivity analysis to assess the response of the system to their variation. The modelling tool was Calliope, an open-source energy modelling framework, including among its features high spatial and temporal resolution and well responding to the challenges proposed by climate change mitigation and a growing need for transparency of energy modelling. A bottom-up stochastic model was used for the generation of hourly load profile, whose inputs were based on surveys submitted to the students of Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology. The results show that fossil fuel technologies still represent the cheapest alternative for power generation and moreover dispatchability makes them indispensable for an electricity system, even in the case of higher price of coal or natural gas. Nonetheless, high renewable penetration scenarios show a certain degree of cost competitiveness especially in those analyses in which projections were used for the cost of wind and solar energy technologies or for the price of fossil fuels. Solar energy established itself as a more reliable source for electricity generation with respect to wind. Indeed, wind offered higher power outputs at a lower price in the base scenarios but demonstrated, at the same time, a higher sensibility to meteorological conditions, a more limited overall potential and was almost phased out by solar energy when the capital costs projections were used. Furthermore, when evaluating critical renewable penetration, the necessity for dispatchability made the model resort to biomass technologies, despite high costs, rather than coupling wind and solar energy with storage. Storage was in fact excluded from all of the configurations resulted by the analyses even in the case in which optimistic costs projections were assumed for this technology.
Nel 2015 le Nazioni Unite hanno identificato come prioritario per i paesi in via di sviluppo la garanzia di accesso all’energia per chiunque. Questa deve essere al tempo stesso economica, affidabile, sostenibile e moderna. In questo contesto l’accesso all’elettricità rappresenta un presupposto essenziale per lo sviluppo-socioeconomico dei paesi a basso reddito. Le politiche del Governo tanzaniano riconoscono il ruolo dell’energia come mezzo fondamentale per far fronte alle problematiche legate alla povertà che affliggono la sua popolazione e per il raggiungimento di una crescita veloce e stabile. Ad ogni modo, la rapida crescita economica e demografica del Paese richiede una pianificazione appropriata del futuro del suo settore energetico. In questo studio è stata condotta una revisione della situazione attuale del sistema di generazione elettrica, delle risorse naturali disponibili e delle intenzioni del Governo della Repubblica Unita di Tanzania. Sono stati generati diversi scenari per l’anno 2040 al fine di valutare gli impatti che una maggiore penetrazione di energia rinnovabile avrebbe sui costi e sulle decisioni del sistema energetico, confrontati con i piani di espansione della capacità di generazione e delle linee di trasmissione e distribuzione proposti da TANESCO nel Power System Master Plan 2016 Update. Per descrivere il sistema è stato adottato un approccio multi-nodale e una serie di parametri ad alta incertezza sono stati esaminati tramite analisi di sensitività per valutare le risposte del sistema ad una loro variazione. La modellizzazione è stata effettuata attraverso Calliope, un ambiente di modellazione energetica open-source, che include alta risoluzione spaziale e temporale tra le sue funzionalità e risponde positivamente alle sfide poste dalla mitigazione del cambiamento climatico e da una necessità di trasparenza crescente per la modellazione energetica. Per la generazione dei profili di carico è stato adottato un modello stocastico bottomup, i cui dati in ingresso sono stati basati su sondaggi sottoposti agli studenti del Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology. Dai risultati emerge che le tecnologie fossili rappresentano ancora l’alternativa più economica per la generazione di potenza e che la dispacciabilità li rende indispensabili per un sistema elettrico, anche nel caso di prezzi più alti per carbone e gas naturale. Tuttavia, gli scenari ad alta penetrazione di energia rinnovabile mostrano un certo grado di competitività dei costi, soprattutto quando vengono adottate proiezioni di costo per le tecnologie eolica e solare o le proiezioni dei prezzi di risorse fossili. L’energia solare si è affermata come una fonte più affidabile rispetto a quella eolica, che offre maggiore potenza ad un prezzo minore negli scenari base, ma che allo stesso tempo ha dimostrato una maggiore sensibilità alle condizioni climatiche, un potenziale totale più limitato ed è stata quasi completamente soppiantata dall’energia solare nelle analisi di proiezioni di costo delle rinnovabili. In aggiunta, negli scenari con penetrazione rinnovabile critica, la necessità di dispacciabilità ha portato il modello a ricorrere alle tecnologie a biomassa, nonostante i costi elevati, piuttosto che accoppiare solare ed eolico con tecnologie di immagazzinamento dell’energia. Queste sono state escluse da tutte le configurazioni risultanti, anche nel caso di proiezioni di costo ottimistiche per lo storage.
Open-source energy modelling for high renewable penetration scenarios in Tanzania
MADARENA, SIMONE
2018/2019
Abstract
In 2015 United Nations pointed out ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all as a major priority for developing countries. In this context fostering access to electricity represents a precondition to socio-economic development in Low Income Economies. Tanzania’s governmental policies recognize the role of a reliable and modern energy supply as a fundamental mean to address the poverty issues plaguing its population and achieve a rapid and stable growth. However, fast economic and demographic growth of the Country urgently calls for adequate planning of the future of its energy sector. In this work a thorough review of the present situation of the electricity system, the natural available resources and the Government political intentions of the United Republic of Tanzania was conducted. Different scenarios were modelled for the year 2040 to evaluate the impacts that a higher renewable penetration would have on the costs and the decisions of the energy system, compared to the generation capacity and transmission and distribution expansion plan proposed by TANESCO in the Power System Master Plan 2016 Update. A multi-nodal approach was adopted to describe the energy system and several high uncertainty parameters were explored through sensitivity analysis to assess the response of the system to their variation. The modelling tool was Calliope, an open-source energy modelling framework, including among its features high spatial and temporal resolution and well responding to the challenges proposed by climate change mitigation and a growing need for transparency of energy modelling. A bottom-up stochastic model was used for the generation of hourly load profile, whose inputs were based on surveys submitted to the students of Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology. The results show that fossil fuel technologies still represent the cheapest alternative for power generation and moreover dispatchability makes them indispensable for an electricity system, even in the case of higher price of coal or natural gas. Nonetheless, high renewable penetration scenarios show a certain degree of cost competitiveness especially in those analyses in which projections were used for the cost of wind and solar energy technologies or for the price of fossil fuels. Solar energy established itself as a more reliable source for electricity generation with respect to wind. Indeed, wind offered higher power outputs at a lower price in the base scenarios but demonstrated, at the same time, a higher sensibility to meteorological conditions, a more limited overall potential and was almost phased out by solar energy when the capital costs projections were used. Furthermore, when evaluating critical renewable penetration, the necessity for dispatchability made the model resort to biomass technologies, despite high costs, rather than coupling wind and solar energy with storage. Storage was in fact excluded from all of the configurations resulted by the analyses even in the case in which optimistic costs projections were assumed for this technology.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/151267