Paraffin-based solid fuels feature fast regression rates making them attractive candidates for application to boosters and small launch vehicles based on hybrid propulsion. While being attractive for their ballistic behavior, the application of this kind of fuels is hampered by the intrinsic fragility of paraffin waxes and their poor mechanical properties which makes them unsuitable to withstand launch loads. On the other hand, the manufacturing of large scale paraffin grains is a challenging task requiring specific procedures and knowledge. This work investigates different paraffin-based fuel manufacturing techniques implemented at lab-scale level, for small scale activities. Yet the manufacturing procedures are conceived to provide easy scale-up. Investigated fuels include both micro- and macro-crystalline paraffin waxes loaded with 1% of carbon black powder. Manufacturing techniques include melted-paraffin casting and paraffin granules pressing, which was exploited to withstand the typical shrinkage of paraffin wax during the solidification from liquid pahse. Fuel grains of cylindrical shape, with a single central perforation, were realized in single or multiple sections. Casted and pressed grains were compared to assess the different mechanical and ballistic response. Mechanical tests were conducted following ISO 604 standards to characterize the different formulations. The regression rate was then evaluated through a ballistic analysis on a lab-scale hybrid rocket engine. A basic structural analysis was implemented in FEMAP to assess the effects of defects in the joints of the segmented grains in the early stages of the combustion.
I combustibili solidi a base paraffinica mostrano un veloce rateo di regressione, il che li rende dei validi candidati per applicazioni a boosters e piccoli lanciatori a propulsione ibrida. Sebbene siano interessanti per il loro comportamento balistico, l'applicazione di questo tipo di combustibili è ostacolata dall'intrinseca fragilità delle cere paraffiniche e dalle loro scarse proprietà meccaniche che le rendono inadatte a sopportare i carichi durante il lancio. Inoltre, la manifattura in grande scala di grani solidi a base di paraffine è un lavoro impegnativo che richiede conoscenze e procedure specifiche. Questo lavoro indaga differenti tecniche per la manifattura di grani solidi a base paraffinica implementate a livello di laboratorio in attività di piccola scala. Tuttavia le procedure di manifattura sono pensate per avere una facile applicazione su scala più grande. I combustibili studiati includono cere paraffiniche sia micro che macro-cristalline caricate con 1% di polvere di carbonio. Le tecniche di manifattura includono la colata di cera paraffinica fusa e la pressatura di granuli di cera, quest'ultima è stata indagata per sopperire al tipico restringimento della cera paraffinica durante la solidificazione da fase liquida. Grani di combustibile di forma cilindrica, con una singola perforazione centrale, sono stati realizzati sia in pezzo singolo che in sezioni multiple. I grani ottenuti tramite pressatura e colatura sono stati confrontati per osservarne il diverso comportamento balistico e meccanico. Test meccanici sono stati fatti seguendo gli standard dati dalla ISO 604, per caratterizzare le differenti formulazioni. Il rateo di regressione è stato poi calcolato tramite un'analisi balistica fatta con un motore ibrido su scala di laboratorio. Un'analisi strutturale preliminare è stata fatta in FEMAP per osservare l'effetto di difetti nell'incastro dei grani segmentati nelle prime fasi della combustione.
Manufacturing of paraffin-based fuel grains : effects on mechanical and ballistic properties
SCANDROGLIO, ANDREA
2018/2019
Abstract
Paraffin-based solid fuels feature fast regression rates making them attractive candidates for application to boosters and small launch vehicles based on hybrid propulsion. While being attractive for their ballistic behavior, the application of this kind of fuels is hampered by the intrinsic fragility of paraffin waxes and their poor mechanical properties which makes them unsuitable to withstand launch loads. On the other hand, the manufacturing of large scale paraffin grains is a challenging task requiring specific procedures and knowledge. This work investigates different paraffin-based fuel manufacturing techniques implemented at lab-scale level, for small scale activities. Yet the manufacturing procedures are conceived to provide easy scale-up. Investigated fuels include both micro- and macro-crystalline paraffin waxes loaded with 1% of carbon black powder. Manufacturing techniques include melted-paraffin casting and paraffin granules pressing, which was exploited to withstand the typical shrinkage of paraffin wax during the solidification from liquid pahse. Fuel grains of cylindrical shape, with a single central perforation, were realized in single or multiple sections. Casted and pressed grains were compared to assess the different mechanical and ballistic response. Mechanical tests were conducted following ISO 604 standards to characterize the different formulations. The regression rate was then evaluated through a ballistic analysis on a lab-scale hybrid rocket engine. A basic structural analysis was implemented in FEMAP to assess the effects of defects in the joints of the segmented grains in the early stages of the combustion.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/151645