In the process of transforming invention into innovation, the initiative must pass through occasions of evaluation that can be decisive for its realization, often with audiences of varied backgrounds. Nevertheless, it is not always successful, one such example is the notorious downfall of Kodak due to the digital camera, that they invented but never embraced, until the competition caught up and drove them out of the market. To explore the process, it needs to be considered that each expert develops his own internal idea of the innovation and assesses its potential through a decision-making process. That is an individual activity and is completed through a series of steps and by activating different considerations and cognitive dynamics. Literature is well developed in New Product Development (NPD) and Innovation Projects Management (IPM) practices and contains insights on the decision-making process employed. Other disciplines, notably organizational and cognitive sciences, delved more deeply on earlier stages of the process: “sensemaking” research enlightens the dynamics at work when new information needs to be comprehended, while “mental model” studies investigate the internal representations obtained after comprehending. The present work aims at contributing to the research on innovation processes by investigating the relation between the differences in internal representations of different individuals, their “cognitive distance”, and its relationship with innovation development. Often NPD/IPM studies prioritize how the internal representation is evaluated without considering the representation itself, while other disciplines do not focus on evaluating innovations, that have important peculiarities, and do not consider the broader environment impacted by the decision, instead required for innovation processes. Collecting the contributions from the various disciplines, the model of the NPD/IPM decision-making process was enriched by accounting for individual attitude towards innovation (Passive Innovation Resistance) and for the internal representations (mental models) and their construction. This model was then leveraged to develop a definition of “cognitive distance” as “the difference in the mental models of the innovation, used by individuals in the decision-making process to evaluate the assessment criteria” and to create an experimental design to elicit the mental models required for identifying the cognitive distance. Unpredictably, mental model elicitation was only partially successful, and only a qualitative measure of cognitive distance was identified. As such, this model can only be a first step to develop a method suited to investigate the differences in internal representations. Nevertheless, through the detailed decision-making process and the model of cognitive distance, complemented with the lessons learned from the experiment, this thesis highlights the importance of a less-explored area of NPD/IPM research and offers a starting point for filling such gap.
Per trasformare invenzione in innovazione, un’iniziativa deve passare da occasioni di valutazione che possono essere decisive per la realizzazione, spesso con audience da vari background. Nonostante la diversificazione, non è un processo sempre efficace, un esempio di ciò può essere la caduta di Kodak a causa della fotocamera digitale, da loro inventata ma mai adottata, finchè i competitor non sono riusciti a raggiungerli e farli uscire dal mercato. Per esplorare questo processo, bisogna considerare che ogni esperto sviluppa la propria idea interna dell’innovazione e valuta il potenziale attraverso un processo decisionale. Che è un’attività individuale ed è completata attraverso una sequenza di step e attivando differenti considerazioni e dinamiche cognitive. La letteratura è ben sviluppata negli stream di New Product Development (NPD) e Innovation Project Management (IPM) e contiene informazioni sul processo decisionale applicato. Altre discipline, in particolare scienze organizzative e cognitive, hanno approfondito più in dettaglio sulle fasi precedenti alla decisione: la ricerca sul “sensemaking” esplora le dinamiche in gioco quando ci si trova a dover comprendere nuove informazioni, mentre gli studi sui “modelli mentali” investigano le rappresentazioni interne ottenute una volta comprese le informazioni. Questo lavoro punta a contribuire alla ricerca sul processo di innovazione investigando la relazione tra le differenze nelle rappresentazioni interne di differenti individui, la loro “distanza cognitiva”, e la relazione con lo sviluppo dell’innovazione. Spesso gli studi di NPD/IPM prioritizzano come la rappresentazione interna è valutata, senza considerare la rappresntazione in sè, mentre le altre discipline non sono centrate sul valutare innovazioni, che hanno importanti caratteristiche, e non considerano l’impatto sull’ecosistema aziendale, richiesto per i processi di innovazione. Raccogliendo I contribute delle varie discipline, il modello del processo decisionale usato in NPD/IPM è stato arricchito per tener conto della disposizione individuale verso l’innovazione (Passive Innovation Resistance) e per le loro rappresentazioni interne (modelli mentali) e la loro costruzione (sensemaking). Il modello è stato poi utilizzato per sviluppare una definizione di “distanza cognitiva” come “la differenza nei modelli mentali dell’innovazione che sono usati durante il processo decisionale per valutare i criteri di successo” e per creare un esperimento da cui ottenere i modelli mentali richiesti per identificare la distanza cognitiva. Inaspettatamente, la raccolta dei modelli mentali è stata solo parzialmente efficace, ed è stato possibile identificare solamente una misura qualitativa. Come tale, questo modello può solamente essere un primo passo per sviluppare un modello adatto a investigare le differenze nelle rappresentazioni interne. Nonostante ciò, tramite l’approfindimento del processo decisionale ed il modello di distanza cognitiva, complementati dai miglioramenti ottenuti dall’esperimento, questa tesi sottolinea l’importanza di un’area meno esplorata e offre un punto di partenza per colmare questa carenza.
Measuring cognitive distance in innovation management
RENZETTI, RUGGERO
2018/2019
Abstract
In the process of transforming invention into innovation, the initiative must pass through occasions of evaluation that can be decisive for its realization, often with audiences of varied backgrounds. Nevertheless, it is not always successful, one such example is the notorious downfall of Kodak due to the digital camera, that they invented but never embraced, until the competition caught up and drove them out of the market. To explore the process, it needs to be considered that each expert develops his own internal idea of the innovation and assesses its potential through a decision-making process. That is an individual activity and is completed through a series of steps and by activating different considerations and cognitive dynamics. Literature is well developed in New Product Development (NPD) and Innovation Projects Management (IPM) practices and contains insights on the decision-making process employed. Other disciplines, notably organizational and cognitive sciences, delved more deeply on earlier stages of the process: “sensemaking” research enlightens the dynamics at work when new information needs to be comprehended, while “mental model” studies investigate the internal representations obtained after comprehending. The present work aims at contributing to the research on innovation processes by investigating the relation between the differences in internal representations of different individuals, their “cognitive distance”, and its relationship with innovation development. Often NPD/IPM studies prioritize how the internal representation is evaluated without considering the representation itself, while other disciplines do not focus on evaluating innovations, that have important peculiarities, and do not consider the broader environment impacted by the decision, instead required for innovation processes. Collecting the contributions from the various disciplines, the model of the NPD/IPM decision-making process was enriched by accounting for individual attitude towards innovation (Passive Innovation Resistance) and for the internal representations (mental models) and their construction. This model was then leveraged to develop a definition of “cognitive distance” as “the difference in the mental models of the innovation, used by individuals in the decision-making process to evaluate the assessment criteria” and to create an experimental design to elicit the mental models required for identifying the cognitive distance. Unpredictably, mental model elicitation was only partially successful, and only a qualitative measure of cognitive distance was identified. As such, this model can only be a first step to develop a method suited to investigate the differences in internal representations. Nevertheless, through the detailed decision-making process and the model of cognitive distance, complemented with the lessons learned from the experiment, this thesis highlights the importance of a less-explored area of NPD/IPM research and offers a starting point for filling such gap.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/151807