The basic idea of the project begin from the desire to rethink the concept of drone, analyze its weak points and propose a new innovative alterative. Indeed, analyzing the problems concerning the use of drones that are more commonly known, namely those with four drive propellers, showed that precisely their main feature, the use of four rotating propellers, is one of the key problems of their use, such as the possibilities of serious injuries when get into contact with them, or the strong noise generated by the rotating propellers which tends to frighten people nearby, thus making their use definitely low, if not completely null for those purposes with an high level of HRI or in indoor spaces where interaction with people is very high. During this thesis project, a new drone was developed, able to fly without mechanically driven parts such as a propeller or flapper mechanism, with the final solution defining as an "LTA vehicle", or Lighter-Than-Air vehicle, since what allows him to fly indeed is the use of helium gas, usable in this case in indoor contexts. With the purpose of design innovation, various devices were used, such as for the generation of propulsion it was decided to use a series of microblowers, namely a type of pump that uses piezoelectric elements as actuators. These microblowers arranged on the drone generate weak winds due to the ultrasonic vibration of the internal surfaces, allowing the in-flight management of the device and a whole series of advantages compared to conventional drones. These thrusters vibrate with a very small amplitude and this means that there is no possibility of injury for things or people, furthermore their vibration during use is visually imperceptible and since the vibration frequency is in the range of the ultrasounds they only generate a slight noise like a breath. However, since adding thrusters for in-flight control would have meant increasing the weight (not good for an LTA vehicle), it was therefore decided to develop a drone control mode that exploited the sphericity of the structure, allowing at least an adequate mobility around the Pitch Axis and Yaw Axis. A ring structure was thus designed and positioned externally the balloon, to which the various propellers and the control system were connected, thus making the management of the rotation around the Yaw Axis was quite simple, since to rotate the device to right or left, it is sufficient to operate only one half of the ring with the microblowers. As for the management around the Pitch Axis, it was thought a system that could vary the altitude of the aircraft with minimal effort, taking advantage of the variation of the center of mass of the sphere. Finally the concept of the designed drone wants to be a sort of base on which be able to modulate components and features depending on the field of use, in fact the applications can be multiple, from the simple advertising purpose to a direct interaction in complete safety with the users, such as driving or to lead people to certain destinations, such as in trains or hotels, but also for security applications, environmental surveys or to monitor and record indoor events. The product indeed has a certain margin of extension, this means that the user can add other 11 components (such as a speaker or several cameras) without compromising flight capabilities, and thanks to this versatility and its simplicity of realization, the final destination for this project has been identified in the concept of “open source”, in order to give anyone the possibility to adopt this system in various indoor contexts without some usage limitations.
L’idea di base del progetto nasce dalla volontà di ripensare il concetto di drone, di analizzarne i punti deboli e di proporre una nuova innovativa alterativa. Analizzando infatti i problemi circa l’utilizzo dei droni che più comunemente si conoscono, ovvero quelli a quattro eliche motrici, ci si è resi conto che proprio la loro caratteristica principale, ovvero l’utilizzo di quattro eliche rotanti sia uno dei problemi chiave del loro utilizzo, come ad esempio le gravi lesioni possibili quando si viene a contatto con esse, oppure il forte rumore generato dalle eliche rotanti il quale tende a spaventare le persone vicine, rendendo così il loro utilizzo decisamente basso, se non quasi del tutto nullo per scopi ad alto HRI o in luoghi chiusi dove l’interazione con la gente è molto alta. Durante questo progetto di tesi si è così sviluppato un nuovo drone in grado di volare senza parti azionate meccanicamente come un'elica o un meccanismo di flapper, con la soluzione finale che può definirsi come “veicolo LTA”, ovvero Lighter-Than-Air, poiché ciò che gli permette di volare di fatto è l’utilizzo di gas elio, utilizzabile in questo caso in contesti indoor. Nell’ambito dell’innovazione progettuale, sono stati impiegati diversi dispositivi, come ad esempio per la realizzazione della propulsione si è deciso di utilizzare una serie di microblowers, ovvero una tipologia di pompa che utilizza elementi piezoelettrici come attuatori. Questi microblowers disposti sul drone generano deboli venti dovuti alla vibrazione ultrasonica delle superfici interne, permettendo la gestione in volo del dispositivo e tutta una serie di vantaggi rispetto ai droni convenzionali. Questi propulsori vibrano con un'ampiezza molto piccola e questo fa sì che non ci sia possibilità di lesioni a cose o persone, inoltre la loro vibrazione durante l'uso è visivamente impercettibile e poiché la frequenza di vibrazione si trova nell'intervallo degli ultrasuoni essa genera solo un leggero rumore simile ad un soffio. Tuttavia, dato che aggiungere propulsori per il comando in volo avrebbe significato l’aumento del peso (non buono per un veicolo LTA), si è così pensato di sviluppare una modalità di controllo del drone che sfruttasse la sfericità della struttura, permettendo almeno un’adeguata mobilità intorno all’Pitch Axis e all’Yaw Axis. Si è così disegnata una struttura ad anello posizionata esternamente al pallone, alla quale sono stati collegati i vari propulsori ed il sistema di controllo, così facendo la gestione della rotazione intorno all’Yaw Axis è risultata abbastanza semplice, poiché per far ruotare il dispositivo a destra o a sinistra, è sufficiente azionare solo una metà dell’anello con i microblowers. Per quanto riguarda la gestione attorno all’Pitch Axis, si è pensato ad un sistema che potesse variare l’altitudine del velivolo con il minimo sforzo, sfruttando la variazione del centro di massa della sfera. Infine il concept del drone progettato vuole essere una sorta di base su cui poter modulare componenti e caratteristiche a seconda di quale sia il campo di utilizzo, le applicazioni infatti possono essere molteplici, dal semplice scopo pubblicitario ad una diretta interazione in tutta sicurezza con gli utenti, come ad esempio da guida o per accompagnare le persone verso determinate destinazioni, come ad esempio in treni o hotel, ma anche per applicazioni di sicurezza, rilevamenti ambientali o per monitorare e registrare eventi indoor. Il prodotto infatti 9 presenta un certo margine di ampliazione, ovvero si possono aggiungere altre componenti (come ad esempio uno speaker o più camere) senza comprometterne le capacità di volo, ed è proprio grazie a questa sua versatilità e alla sua semplicità di realizzazione, che la destinazione finale per questo progetto è stata identificata nel concetto di open source, in modo da dare a chiunque la possibilità di adottare questo sistema in vari contesti indoor senza limitazioni d’uso alcune.
Development of an indoor lighter than air UAV
QUARANTA, CARLO
2018/2019
Abstract
The basic idea of the project begin from the desire to rethink the concept of drone, analyze its weak points and propose a new innovative alterative. Indeed, analyzing the problems concerning the use of drones that are more commonly known, namely those with four drive propellers, showed that precisely their main feature, the use of four rotating propellers, is one of the key problems of their use, such as the possibilities of serious injuries when get into contact with them, or the strong noise generated by the rotating propellers which tends to frighten people nearby, thus making their use definitely low, if not completely null for those purposes with an high level of HRI or in indoor spaces where interaction with people is very high. During this thesis project, a new drone was developed, able to fly without mechanically driven parts such as a propeller or flapper mechanism, with the final solution defining as an "LTA vehicle", or Lighter-Than-Air vehicle, since what allows him to fly indeed is the use of helium gas, usable in this case in indoor contexts. With the purpose of design innovation, various devices were used, such as for the generation of propulsion it was decided to use a series of microblowers, namely a type of pump that uses piezoelectric elements as actuators. These microblowers arranged on the drone generate weak winds due to the ultrasonic vibration of the internal surfaces, allowing the in-flight management of the device and a whole series of advantages compared to conventional drones. These thrusters vibrate with a very small amplitude and this means that there is no possibility of injury for things or people, furthermore their vibration during use is visually imperceptible and since the vibration frequency is in the range of the ultrasounds they only generate a slight noise like a breath. However, since adding thrusters for in-flight control would have meant increasing the weight (not good for an LTA vehicle), it was therefore decided to develop a drone control mode that exploited the sphericity of the structure, allowing at least an adequate mobility around the Pitch Axis and Yaw Axis. A ring structure was thus designed and positioned externally the balloon, to which the various propellers and the control system were connected, thus making the management of the rotation around the Yaw Axis was quite simple, since to rotate the device to right or left, it is sufficient to operate only one half of the ring with the microblowers. As for the management around the Pitch Axis, it was thought a system that could vary the altitude of the aircraft with minimal effort, taking advantage of the variation of the center of mass of the sphere. Finally the concept of the designed drone wants to be a sort of base on which be able to modulate components and features depending on the field of use, in fact the applications can be multiple, from the simple advertising purpose to a direct interaction in complete safety with the users, such as driving or to lead people to certain destinations, such as in trains or hotels, but also for security applications, environmental surveys or to monitor and record indoor events. The product indeed has a certain margin of extension, this means that the user can add other 11 components (such as a speaker or several cameras) without compromising flight capabilities, and thanks to this versatility and its simplicity of realization, the final destination for this project has been identified in the concept of “open source”, in order to give anyone the possibility to adopt this system in various indoor contexts without some usage limitations.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDOOR LIGHTER-THAN-AIR UAV.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/151936