Denim is a cotton woven fabric which has a huge importance because it is one of the major fields in the textile industry and every year a few billions of this clothing are produced globally. In the last years there have been done some attempts in the reduction of consumption in terms of energy, water and chemicals because the environmental impact of its manufacture is quite impressive. This thesis work was focused on the finishing step of the production of denim, especially on the process that are performed to give to denim a faded and a worn look. There were analysed the criticalities of some fading treatments currently used and it was tried to improve them. It was seen that stonewashing shows several sustainability issues, therefore at the beginning some possible replacements of the pumice stone were studied analysing the abrasion through absorbance and transmittance values, studying the resulting colour on the garment and testing also the specimen mechanical behaviours. Then, the eco-friendly stones based on recycled PET were tested in industrial stonewashing machine and the corresponding result was assessed. Finally, it was decided to change the process moving to vibrofinishing (surface treatment process usually used for metallic parts). Here there were tested different abrasive stones (polyester, recycled PET, ceramic and polyurethane based) and their respective outcome on denim fabrics were evaluated through some microscope images, from a visual and colour analysis and, lastly, considering the roughness parameters of the stones. Another finishing process that was investigated was the laser fading. The laser with its radiation reaches the surface and produces some chemical/physical modifications on the fabric that were studied through ATR-FTIR and TG Analysis. Moreover, the fumes released by denim during the treatment and their nature were examined, firstly they were investigated with IR continuous analysis and then through a chromatography-mass spectrometry and the filter analysis. Lastly, the topic of the wastewater resulting from some laboratory abrasion tests was treated, some FTIR Analysis on the spectra obtained from the wastewater residuals were performed to investigate on their composition.
Il denim è una tipologia di tessuto che ha una grossa importanza, perché è uno dei principali capi d’abbigliamento dell’industria tessile e per questo motivo ogni anno ne vengono prodotti alcuni miliardi su scala mondiale. Negli ultimi anni si è tentato di diminuire l’impatto ambientale della produzione e della lavorazione del denim: sono stati fatti diversi sforzi e progressi per ridurre l’impiego di acqua, sostanze chimiche ed energia. Questo lavoro di tesi si è focalizzato sulla parte di processo della finitura superficiale, in particolare su quelle tecniche che cercano di conferire al capo un aspetto sbiadito e usato. Sono state analizzate le criticità dei trattamenti attualmente usati per cercare di migliorarli. È stato riscontrato che lo stonewashing presenta numerosi problemi riguardanti la sostenibilità, quindi inizialmente si sono studiate delle possibili alternative alla pietra pomice quantificando l’abrasione che si ottiene con dei valori di assorbanza e trasmittanza, esaminando il colore risultante sul tessuto e testando anche le proprietà meccaniche del campione. Successivamente le pietre eco-friendly, basate sul PET riciclato, sono state testate in macchine industriali di stonewashing e il corrispettivo risultato è stato valutato. Infine, è stato deciso di provare un diverso processo, la vibrofinitura (un trattamento superficiale usualmente usato per parti metalliche), in cui sono state testate diverse pietre abrasive (basate sul poliestere, PET riciclato, ceramica e poliuretano); il corrispettivo esito sul denim è stato valutato tramite immagini al microscopio, con analisi visive e di colore e, per ultimo, considerando i parametri di rugosità delle pietre. Un ulteriore processo di finitura che è stato analizzato è il laser fading. La radiazione laser impatta sulla superficie denim e produce dei cambiamenti a livello chimico e fisico che sono stati studiati tramite alcune tecniche come ATR-FTIR e TGA. Inoltre sono stati esaminati i fumi rilasciati dal tessuto denim durante il trattamento e la loro natura: inizialmente con delle analisi continue a IR e, successivamente, si è indagato tramite una gascromatografia-spettrometria di massa e un’analisi dei filtri. Per ultimo, è stato affrontato l’argomento delle acque reflue risultante da alcuni esperimenti di abrasione effettuati in laboratorio e per esaminarle sono state fatte delle FTIR analisi sugli spettri ottenuti dai residui delle acque reflue, per identificare la loro composizione.
Industrial surface treatments on denim, process analysis and ecological aspects
CIVATI, CAMILLA
2018/2019
Abstract
Denim is a cotton woven fabric which has a huge importance because it is one of the major fields in the textile industry and every year a few billions of this clothing are produced globally. In the last years there have been done some attempts in the reduction of consumption in terms of energy, water and chemicals because the environmental impact of its manufacture is quite impressive. This thesis work was focused on the finishing step of the production of denim, especially on the process that are performed to give to denim a faded and a worn look. There were analysed the criticalities of some fading treatments currently used and it was tried to improve them. It was seen that stonewashing shows several sustainability issues, therefore at the beginning some possible replacements of the pumice stone were studied analysing the abrasion through absorbance and transmittance values, studying the resulting colour on the garment and testing also the specimen mechanical behaviours. Then, the eco-friendly stones based on recycled PET were tested in industrial stonewashing machine and the corresponding result was assessed. Finally, it was decided to change the process moving to vibrofinishing (surface treatment process usually used for metallic parts). Here there were tested different abrasive stones (polyester, recycled PET, ceramic and polyurethane based) and their respective outcome on denim fabrics were evaluated through some microscope images, from a visual and colour analysis and, lastly, considering the roughness parameters of the stones. Another finishing process that was investigated was the laser fading. The laser with its radiation reaches the surface and produces some chemical/physical modifications on the fabric that were studied through ATR-FTIR and TG Analysis. Moreover, the fumes released by denim during the treatment and their nature were examined, firstly they were investigated with IR continuous analysis and then through a chromatography-mass spectrometry and the filter analysis. Lastly, the topic of the wastewater resulting from some laboratory abrasion tests was treated, some FTIR Analysis on the spectra obtained from the wastewater residuals were performed to investigate on their composition.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/152272