In this thesis work, the effects of the elimination of indium from Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) and of the substitution of cadmium in the CdS buffer layer with zinc were studied, in order to obtain a photocathode for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production without expensive or toxic elements. The absorber material (CIGS and CGS) was produced by a hybrid process, developed at the University of Milano-Bicocca, that combines sputtering and evaporation of the metals in a selenium atmosphere, with the potential to realize PV cells with large area. The buffer layer (CdS or ZnS) was deposited by chemical bath deposition (CBD) and Pt nanoparticles were employed as a catalyst for hydrogen evolution. Under photoassisted electrolysis testing, photocathodes made of CIGS/CdS/Pt exhibited an onset potential between 0.3 and 0.4 VRHE and a photocurrent density about -24 mA/cm2 at -0.4 VRHE. Without Pt, the photocurrent of CIGS/ZnS decreased by increasing the CBD time, but it was constant after Pt deposition. On average, the photoactivity was comparable to that of CIGS/Pt configuration (onset potential between 0.1 and 0.2 VRHE and photocurrent density about -22 mA/cm2). In order to improve the performances, the photoelectrodes were put on a hot plate for about 5 minutes at about 100, 200 and 300°C. Without Pt, the photocurrent density increased with the annealing temperature, but after Pt deposition the best photocathode was the one treated at 100°C (-28 mA/cm2 at -0.4 VRHE), while the one treated at 300°C was the worst: this may be due to different amounts of catalyst. Finally, also CuGaSe2 was tested with CdS and with ZnS, leading to lower performances than those observed with CIGS absorber. Though the intrinsic limitations related to electronic properties of CGS makes the result reasonable, a possible improvement could be expected by a proper tuning of the material synthesis process, which still requires to reach homogeneous and reliable results.
In questo lavoro di tesi, sono stati studiati gli effetti dell’eliminazione dell’indio da Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) e della sostituzione del cadmio con lo zinco dal buffer layer di CdS, al fine di ottenere un fotocatodo per la produzione fotoelettrochimica dell’idrogeno senza elementi costosi o tossici. Il materiale assorbente (CIGS e CGS) è stato prodotto mediante un processo ibrido, sviluppato presso l’Università di Milano-Bicocca, che combina sputtering ed evaporazione dei metalli in un’atmosfera di selenio, con il potenziale di realizzare celle fotovoltaiche di grandi dimensioni. Il buffer layer (CdS o ZnS) è stato depositato mediante chemical bath deposition (CBD) e nanoparticelle di platino sono state impiegate come catalizzatore per lo sviluppo di idrogeno. Mediante analisi fotoelettrochimica, i fotocatodi con la struttura di CIGS/CdS/Pt hanno mostrato un onset potential tra 0.3 e 0.4 VRHE e una densità di fotocorrente di circa -24 mA/cm2 a -0.4 VRHE. Senza platino, le prestazioni di CIGS/ZnS peggioravano all’aumentare del tempo di CBD, ma erano costanti dopo la deposizione di platino. Comunque, esse erano simili a quelle di CIGS/Pt (onset potential tra 0.1 e 0.2 VRHE e densità di corrente circa -22 mA/cm2). Al fine di migliorare le prestazioni, i fotoelettrodi sono stati posti su una piastra per circa 5 minuti a circa 100, 200 e 300°C. Senza platino, le densità di corrente aumentavano con la temperatura del trattamento termico, ma dopo la deposizione di platino il miglior fotocatodo era quello trattato a 100°C (-28 mA/cm2 a -0.4 VRHE), mentre quello trattato a 300°C era il peggiore: questo potrebbe essere dovuto a differenti quantità di catalizzatore depositato. Infine, anche CuGaSe2 è stato testato con CdS e con ZnS, il che ha portato ha portato a prestazioni inferiori a quelle osservate con CIGS. Sebbene le limitazioni intrinseche legate alle proprietà elettroniche di CGS rendano il risultato comprensibile, ci si può aspettare un miglioramento mediante un’opportuna regolazione del processo di produzione, il quale necessita ancora di raggiungere risultati omogenei e affidabili.
Study of In- and Cd-free chalcopyrite-based photocathodes for solar water splitting
CASSINARI, DAVIDE
2018/2019
Abstract
In this thesis work, the effects of the elimination of indium from Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) and of the substitution of cadmium in the CdS buffer layer with zinc were studied, in order to obtain a photocathode for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production without expensive or toxic elements. The absorber material (CIGS and CGS) was produced by a hybrid process, developed at the University of Milano-Bicocca, that combines sputtering and evaporation of the metals in a selenium atmosphere, with the potential to realize PV cells with large area. The buffer layer (CdS or ZnS) was deposited by chemical bath deposition (CBD) and Pt nanoparticles were employed as a catalyst for hydrogen evolution. Under photoassisted electrolysis testing, photocathodes made of CIGS/CdS/Pt exhibited an onset potential between 0.3 and 0.4 VRHE and a photocurrent density about -24 mA/cm2 at -0.4 VRHE. Without Pt, the photocurrent of CIGS/ZnS decreased by increasing the CBD time, but it was constant after Pt deposition. On average, the photoactivity was comparable to that of CIGS/Pt configuration (onset potential between 0.1 and 0.2 VRHE and photocurrent density about -22 mA/cm2). In order to improve the performances, the photoelectrodes were put on a hot plate for about 5 minutes at about 100, 200 and 300°C. Without Pt, the photocurrent density increased with the annealing temperature, but after Pt deposition the best photocathode was the one treated at 100°C (-28 mA/cm2 at -0.4 VRHE), while the one treated at 300°C was the worst: this may be due to different amounts of catalyst. Finally, also CuGaSe2 was tested with CdS and with ZnS, leading to lower performances than those observed with CIGS absorber. Though the intrinsic limitations related to electronic properties of CGS makes the result reasonable, a possible improvement could be expected by a proper tuning of the material synthesis process, which still requires to reach homogeneous and reliable results.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
2020_04_Cassinari.pdf
non accessibile
Descrizione: Testo della tesi
Dimensione
4.37 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
4.37 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in POLITesi sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/10589/153374