Mucus is a natural hydrogel produced by our body. It is mainly composed of water, but also of glycoproteins, as mucin, and small molecules. The mucus covers the internal organs, including the respiratory, gastrointestinal and female reproductive tracts. Its presence and composition allow mucus to act as a lubricant and protection, being a natural barrier. In fact, it protects the underlying layer of epithelium from potentially harmful substances and microorganisms. In particular, the mucus of the stomach is made up of two layers: one attached, adjacent to the epithelium, and one loose which can be easily cleaned. Its presence is fundamental because it fulfils various functions, including protecting the epithelium from pathogens and the typical acidic environment. The latter allows digestion to take place, promoting the breakdown of the meal ingested in molecules essential for our body, such as proteins. Basically, gastric mucus is a natural barrier. This characteristic is guaranteed thanks to the ionic strength, pH, mesh size and viscoelasticity. Another body district protected by mucus is female reproductive system. Specifically, the cervix is the organ responsible for the production of mucus, which flows into the vagina. For this reason, the authors refer to cervicovaginal mucus (CVM). In addition to protecting the epithelium from harmful microorganisms, it promotes the sperm penetration in order to facilitate fertilization. However, CVM acts as a barrier by implementing some strategies similar to stomach mucus, such as mesh size, pH and viscoelasticity. Among all, the viscoelastic properties define the fact that mucus has an intermediate behaviour between solid and liquid. This ability can be studied easily through rheology. Gastric and cervicovaginal mucus are often studied because they are important in drug delivery. Above all, the mucus of the stomach limits the diffusion of drugs and therefore its characterization could help researchers carry out an initial in vitro study to evaluate the effect of a particular drug. Recently, this concept has also been applied to CVM, in order to ensure a localized effect of drugs. Many in vitro models have been proposed using native mucus of the affected body district, others only the mucin because it is responsible for interactions with bacteria and drugs, still others cells that produce a layer of mucus above the epithelium and finally computational models. All these models, however, have limitations: first of all, the extraction of native mucus without changing its properties is not possible, the use of only mucin does not mimic the chemical composition of the mucus, the immortalization of cells and their culture are two complicated processes to perform and, furthermore, the cells hardly produce a mucus layer in vitro and finally the mathematical models give a theoretical vision that must be validated by the experimental part. In this thesis material-based models of gastric and cervicovaginal mucus were developed and produced.
Il muco è un idrogelo naturale prodotto dal nostro corpo. È composto principalmente da acqua, ma anche da glicoproteine, come la mucina, e altre piccole molecole. Il muco ricopre gli organi interni, tra cui il tratto respiratorio, gastrointestinale e riproduttivo femminile. La sua presenza e composizione permette al muco di agire come lubrificante e protezione, essendo una barriera naturale. Infatti, protegge lo strato epiteliale sottostante da sostanze e microrganismi potenzialmente dannosi. In particolare, il muco dello stomaco è composto da due strati: uno attaccato all’epitelio e uno lasso che può essere facilmente rimosso. La sua presenza è fondamentale perché svolge diverse funzioni, tra cui proteggere l’epitelio da agenti patogeni e dal tipico ambiente acido. Quest’ultimo permette di far avvenire la digestione, promuovendo la rottura in molecole essenziali per il nostro corpo, come le proteine, di ciò che è stato ingerito. Fondamentalmente, il muco gastrico è una barriera naturale. Questa sua caratteristica è garantita da forze ioniche, variazioni di pH, mesh size e viscoelasticità. Un altro distretto corporeo protetto dal muco è il sistema riproduttivo femminile. Nello specifico, la cervice è l’organo responsabile della produzione del muco, che fluisce nella vagina. Per questa ragione, gli autori si riferiscono al muco cervicovaginale (CVM). Oltre a proteggere l’epitelio da microrganismi dannosi, promuove la penetrazione dello sperma con lo scopo di facilitare la fecondazione. Comunque, CVM agisce come barriera mettendo in atto strategie simili al quelle del muco gastrico, come la mesh size, il pH e la viscoelasticità. Tra tutte, le proprietà viscoelastiche definiscono il fatto che il muco abbia un comportamento intermedio tra solido e liquido. Questa sua caratteristica può esser facilmente studiata attraverso la reologia. Il muco gastrico e cervicovaginale sono spesso studiati perché importanti nella diffusione di farmaci. Tra tutti, il muco dello stomaco limita la diffusione di farmaci e quindi la sua caratterizzazione potrebbe aiutare i ricercatori nel realizzare un iniziale studio in vitro per valutare l’effetto di un particolare farmaco. Recentemente questo concetto è stato applicato a CVM, per valutare l’efficacia localizzata di un farmaco. Molti modelli in vitro sono stati proposti, utilizzando il muco nativo del distretto corporeo considerato, altri solo la mucina perché responsabile di interazioni con batteri e farmaci, altri ancora cellule che producono uno strato di muco sopra l’epitelio ed infine modelli computazionali. Questi modelli hanno, purtroppo, delle limitazioni: prima di tutto l’estrazione del muco nativo senza cambiare le sue proprietà non è possibile, mentre l’uso della sola mucina non mima la composizione chimica del muco, l’immortalizzazzione di cellule e la loro coltura sono due processi difficoltosi ed inoltre le cellule producono difficilmente uno strato di muco in vitro ed infine i modelli matematici danno una visione teorica che deve essere validata dalla parte sperimentale. In questa tesi sono stati sviluppati e realizzati dei modelli di muco gastrico e cervicovaginale basati sulla caratterizzazione del materiale.
Engineered gastric and cervicovaginal material-based mucus models
SALLUSTIO, FEDERICA
2018/2019
Abstract
Mucus is a natural hydrogel produced by our body. It is mainly composed of water, but also of glycoproteins, as mucin, and small molecules. The mucus covers the internal organs, including the respiratory, gastrointestinal and female reproductive tracts. Its presence and composition allow mucus to act as a lubricant and protection, being a natural barrier. In fact, it protects the underlying layer of epithelium from potentially harmful substances and microorganisms. In particular, the mucus of the stomach is made up of two layers: one attached, adjacent to the epithelium, and one loose which can be easily cleaned. Its presence is fundamental because it fulfils various functions, including protecting the epithelium from pathogens and the typical acidic environment. The latter allows digestion to take place, promoting the breakdown of the meal ingested in molecules essential for our body, such as proteins. Basically, gastric mucus is a natural barrier. This characteristic is guaranteed thanks to the ionic strength, pH, mesh size and viscoelasticity. Another body district protected by mucus is female reproductive system. Specifically, the cervix is the organ responsible for the production of mucus, which flows into the vagina. For this reason, the authors refer to cervicovaginal mucus (CVM). In addition to protecting the epithelium from harmful microorganisms, it promotes the sperm penetration in order to facilitate fertilization. However, CVM acts as a barrier by implementing some strategies similar to stomach mucus, such as mesh size, pH and viscoelasticity. Among all, the viscoelastic properties define the fact that mucus has an intermediate behaviour between solid and liquid. This ability can be studied easily through rheology. Gastric and cervicovaginal mucus are often studied because they are important in drug delivery. Above all, the mucus of the stomach limits the diffusion of drugs and therefore its characterization could help researchers carry out an initial in vitro study to evaluate the effect of a particular drug. Recently, this concept has also been applied to CVM, in order to ensure a localized effect of drugs. Many in vitro models have been proposed using native mucus of the affected body district, others only the mucin because it is responsible for interactions with bacteria and drugs, still others cells that produce a layer of mucus above the epithelium and finally computational models. All these models, however, have limitations: first of all, the extraction of native mucus without changing its properties is not possible, the use of only mucin does not mimic the chemical composition of the mucus, the immortalization of cells and their culture are two complicated processes to perform and, furthermore, the cells hardly produce a mucus layer in vitro and finally the mathematical models give a theoretical vision that must be validated by the experimental part. In this thesis material-based models of gastric and cervicovaginal mucus were developed and produced.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/153619