This study investigates the factors that influence the concentrations of air pollutants inside public buses, which have shown to be one of the most polluted transport modes (Dons et al., 2012, Adams et al., 2001, Kaur et al., 2007). Sampling was carried out on 10 different bus routes circulating in the urban area of Barcelona (Spain), with the aim of isolating, as far as possible, the influence of three different parameters: route, powertrain and fuel used and ventilation. Simultaneous measurements were carried out on each route on buses of different types (Diesel, HD, CNG, HCNG, Electric), both in summer and in winter. Portable instruments were used for measurements inside the buses (DustTruck Model 8533 for PM2.5, DiscMini for UFP, MicroAeth AE51 for BC) and fixed instruments (Grimm for PM2.5, CPC 3787 for UFP, MAAP for BC) for measurements, carried out for comparison purposes, in the urban background station of Palau Reial. Considering both summer and winter data, the following concentrations were observed inside the buses: UFP in the range 1-8 • 104 cm-3 particles; BC in the range 3-9 • 103 ng m-3; PM2.5 in the range 47-145 g m-3. The data measured in the Palau Reial station were significantly lower: UFP in the range 0.9-2.5 • 104 cm-3 particles (-58%); BC in the range 0.7-6 • 103 ng m-3 (-68%); PM2.5 in the range 8-23 g m-3 (-86%). It emerged that the route traveled by the bus (represented by a proxy containing for each segment of the circuit information on the average number of vehicles passing per day, the geometry of the road and the time taken to travel it) affects the maximum internal concentrations of UFP, but not much the average concentrations. In particular, the most evident effect was found inside electric buses, in which a logarithmic trend was observed between the maximum internal concentrations and the traffic level with R2 = 0.975. The same trend was also found in electric buses for BC, with R2 = 0.613, while no correlation was found for PM2.5. It turned out that the type of fuel of the bus affects its indoor air quality: the use of Diesel buses was found to cause an increase in the internal concentrations of BC (+ 57% ± 22%). Moreover, a statistically significant difference (via Wilcoxon statistical test) was found between winter (air conditioning off) and summer (air conditioning on) UFP concentrations, which were higher (+ 82-98%) in summer, suggesting that air conditioning without internal recirculation favors the accumulation of UFP inside the vehicle. However, no statistically significant differences were observed with regard to BC and PM2.5.
Questo studio analizza i fattori che influiscono sulle concentrazioni di inquinanti atmosferici all’interno degli autobus, che si sono rivelati una delle modalità di trasporto pubblico più inquinate (Dons et al., 2012, Adams et al., 2001, Kaur et al., 2007). Sono stati effettuati campionamenti su 10 diverse linee di autobus circolanti nell’area urbana di Barcellona (Spagna), con l’obbiettivo di isolare, per quanto possibile, l’influenza di tre diversi parametri: tragitto, combustibile utilizzato e ventilazione. Per ciascuna linea sono state effettuate misure simultanee su autobus di tipologia diversa (Diesel, HD, CNG, HCNG, Elettrici), sia d’estate che d’inverno. Sono stati utilizzati strumenti portatili per le misure negli autobus (DustTruck Model 8533 per PM2.5, DiscMini per UFP, MicroAeth AE51 per BC) e strumenti fissi (Grimm per PM2.5, CPC 3787 per UFP, MAAP per BC) per le misure effettuate a scopo comparativo nella stazione di fondo urbano di Palau Reial. Considerando sia i dati estivi che quelli invernali, all’interno degli autobus si sono osservati: UFP nel range 1-8•104 particelle cm-3; BC nel range 3-9•103 ng m-3; PM2.5 nel range 47-145 g m-3. I dati misurati nella stazione di Palau Reial sono risultati notevolmente più bassi: UFP nel range 0.9-2.5•104 particelle cm-3 (-58%); BC nel range 0.7-6•103 ng m-3 (-68%); PM2.5 nel range 8-23 g m-3 (-86%). È emerso che il tragitto percorso dall’autobus (rappresentato da una proxy contenente per ciascun segmento del circuito l’informazione su numero di veicoli medio transitante al giorno, geometria della strada e tempo impiegato per percorrerlo) influisce sulle concentrazioni massime interne di UFP, ma non molto sulle concentrazioni medie. In particolare, l’effetto più evidente è stato riscontrato all’interno degli autobus elettrici, in cui si è ottenuto un trend logaritmico tra concentrazioni interne massime e livello di traffico con R2=0.975. Un medesimo trend è stato trovato negli autobus elettrici anche per il BC, con R2=0.613, mentre non è stata trovata alcuna correlazione per il PM2.5. È risultato che il tipo di combustibile dell’autobus influisce sulla sua qualità dell’aria interna: l’utilizzo di autobus Diesel è risultato causare un incremento delle concentrazioni interne di BC (+ 57% ± 22%). Si è inoltre osservata una differenza statisticamente significativa (tramite test statistico di Wilcoxon) tra le concentrazioni di UFP invernali (aria condizionata spenta) e quelle estive (aria condizionata accesa), che sono risultate più alte (+82-98%), suggerendo che l’aria condizionata senza ricircolo interno favorisce l’accumulo di UFP all’interno del mezzo. Non si sono invece osservate differenze significative per quanto concerne BC e PM2.5.
Factors affecting commuters' exposure to atmospheric particles inside buses
RIDOLFO, SHARON
2018/2019
Abstract
This study investigates the factors that influence the concentrations of air pollutants inside public buses, which have shown to be one of the most polluted transport modes (Dons et al., 2012, Adams et al., 2001, Kaur et al., 2007). Sampling was carried out on 10 different bus routes circulating in the urban area of Barcelona (Spain), with the aim of isolating, as far as possible, the influence of three different parameters: route, powertrain and fuel used and ventilation. Simultaneous measurements were carried out on each route on buses of different types (Diesel, HD, CNG, HCNG, Electric), both in summer and in winter. Portable instruments were used for measurements inside the buses (DustTruck Model 8533 for PM2.5, DiscMini for UFP, MicroAeth AE51 for BC) and fixed instruments (Grimm for PM2.5, CPC 3787 for UFP, MAAP for BC) for measurements, carried out for comparison purposes, in the urban background station of Palau Reial. Considering both summer and winter data, the following concentrations were observed inside the buses: UFP in the range 1-8 • 104 cm-3 particles; BC in the range 3-9 • 103 ng m-3; PM2.5 in the range 47-145 g m-3. The data measured in the Palau Reial station were significantly lower: UFP in the range 0.9-2.5 • 104 cm-3 particles (-58%); BC in the range 0.7-6 • 103 ng m-3 (-68%); PM2.5 in the range 8-23 g m-3 (-86%). It emerged that the route traveled by the bus (represented by a proxy containing for each segment of the circuit information on the average number of vehicles passing per day, the geometry of the road and the time taken to travel it) affects the maximum internal concentrations of UFP, but not much the average concentrations. In particular, the most evident effect was found inside electric buses, in which a logarithmic trend was observed between the maximum internal concentrations and the traffic level with R2 = 0.975. The same trend was also found in electric buses for BC, with R2 = 0.613, while no correlation was found for PM2.5. It turned out that the type of fuel of the bus affects its indoor air quality: the use of Diesel buses was found to cause an increase in the internal concentrations of BC (+ 57% ± 22%). Moreover, a statistically significant difference (via Wilcoxon statistical test) was found between winter (air conditioning off) and summer (air conditioning on) UFP concentrations, which were higher (+ 82-98%) in summer, suggesting that air conditioning without internal recirculation favors the accumulation of UFP inside the vehicle. However, no statistically significant differences were observed with regard to BC and PM2.5.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/153894