The purposes of this thesis work have been the preparation of novel naphthalene sulfonate functionalised graphene oxide (NSGO) membranes and their detailed analysis in order to verify the suitability in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) as an alternative to Nafion®, that is currently the most widespread material. Even though several polymers have been proposed and studied, graphene oxide (GO) has raised interest both for the fabrication of freestanding membranes and for the combination with other species to produce composites. It possesses many fascinating properties, including mechanical and self-assembling ones and especially the abundancy of hydrophilic oxygen-containing groups that could ensure an adequate water sorption and consequently a good proton conductivity. In order to accentuate this last feature, GO must be chemically modified through the insertion of acid functional groups on its basal planes. In this dissertation, a simple and effective GO functionalisation method, aimed at introducing sulfonic acid groups (–SO3H) that conveniently tune its features, is proposed. Such method relies upon the employment of naphthalene sulfonate (NS) compounds, waste-species of the cement industry that in this way can be revalorised with a view of circular economy. The samples have been synthesised combining a GO aqueous dispersion and various amounts of acidified NS powders at two different temperatures. In this fashion, it has been possible to identify the most effective GO-to-NS molar ratio, based on an empirical GO formula derived in a previous work, and to comprehend the influence of the reaction environment on the final products. The obtained membranes have been thoroughly characterised via ATR-FTIR, TGA, optical and electronic microscopy, elemental analysis, XRD, static contact angle measurements and IEC evaluation. Moreover, the most promising one has undergone water uptake (WU) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests at different temperatures and humidification degrees, to assess its water retention capability and its proton conductivity. The results of this thesis allow to certify the appeal and the potentiality of the NSGO membranes as practical alternatives to the perfluorinated electrolytes typically used in PEMFCs.
Gli obiettivi di questo lavoro di tesi sono stati la preparazione di membrane innovative a base di grafene ossido funzionalizzato attraverso naftaleni solfonati (NSGO) e la loro dettagliata analisi per verificare l’applicabilità in celle a combustibile a membrana a scambio protonico (PEMFCs) come alternative al Nafion®, che è attualmente il materiale più utilizzato commercialmente. Sebbene numerosi altri polimeri siano stati proposti e studiati, il grafene ossido (GO) ha destato grande interesse sia nell’ambito della fabbricazione di membrane self-standing, sia nella combinazione con altre specie a dare compositi. Ciò è dovuto alle sue notevoli proprietà, su cui spiccano quelle meccaniche e auto-assemblanti, e soprattutto l’abbondanza di gruppi idrofili contenenti ossigeno che garantiscono un buon assorbimento di acqua e una interessante conducibilità protonica. Per migliorare quest’ultima fino a valori soddisfacenti, è necessario andare ad agire sulla struttura chimica del GO, introducendovi gruppi funzionali acidi. In questa dissertazione si propone un metodo semplice ed efficace per la solfonazione del GO, ovvero per l’aggiunta di gruppi solfonici (–SO3H) che ne modifichino opportunamente le caratteristiche. Tale metodo si basa sull’utilizzo di naftaleni solfonati (NS), delle specie di scarto dell’industria cementizia che possono essere così rivalorizzate in un’ottica di economia circolare. I campioni sono stati sintetizzati facendo interagire una dispersione acquosa di GO con vari quantitativi di polveri acidificate di naftalene solfonato a due diverse temperature. In tal modo è stato possibile identificare il più efficace rapporto molare tra le due specie, basato su una formula bruta empirica del GO derivata in un lavoro precedente, e di comprendere l’effetto dell’ambiente di reazione sui prodotti finali. Le membrane ottenute sono state caratterizzate approfonditamente attraverso spettroscopia a infrarossi, analisi termogravimetrica, microscopia ottica ed elettronica, analisi elementale, diffrazione a raggi X, misura dell’angolo di contatto statico e valutazione della capacità di scambio ionico. Quella con le proprietà più promettenti è stata inoltre sottoposta a prove di assorbimento d’acqua e di spettroscopia di impedenza elettrochimica a varie temperature e livelli di umidificazione, al fine di determinare la sua capacità di ritenzione di acqua e la sua conducibilità protonica. I risultati di questa tesi permettono di attestare la potenzialità delle membrane di NSGO come alternative pratiche agli elettroliti perfluorurati tipicamente usati nelle celle PEM.
Naphthalene sulfonate functionalised graphene oxide electrolytes for proton exchange membrane fuel cells
Di VIRGILIO, MATTEO
2018/2019
Abstract
The purposes of this thesis work have been the preparation of novel naphthalene sulfonate functionalised graphene oxide (NSGO) membranes and their detailed analysis in order to verify the suitability in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) as an alternative to Nafion®, that is currently the most widespread material. Even though several polymers have been proposed and studied, graphene oxide (GO) has raised interest both for the fabrication of freestanding membranes and for the combination with other species to produce composites. It possesses many fascinating properties, including mechanical and self-assembling ones and especially the abundancy of hydrophilic oxygen-containing groups that could ensure an adequate water sorption and consequently a good proton conductivity. In order to accentuate this last feature, GO must be chemically modified through the insertion of acid functional groups on its basal planes. In this dissertation, a simple and effective GO functionalisation method, aimed at introducing sulfonic acid groups (–SO3H) that conveniently tune its features, is proposed. Such method relies upon the employment of naphthalene sulfonate (NS) compounds, waste-species of the cement industry that in this way can be revalorised with a view of circular economy. The samples have been synthesised combining a GO aqueous dispersion and various amounts of acidified NS powders at two different temperatures. In this fashion, it has been possible to identify the most effective GO-to-NS molar ratio, based on an empirical GO formula derived in a previous work, and to comprehend the influence of the reaction environment on the final products. The obtained membranes have been thoroughly characterised via ATR-FTIR, TGA, optical and electronic microscopy, elemental analysis, XRD, static contact angle measurements and IEC evaluation. Moreover, the most promising one has undergone water uptake (WU) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests at different temperatures and humidification degrees, to assess its water retention capability and its proton conductivity. The results of this thesis allow to certify the appeal and the potentiality of the NSGO membranes as practical alternatives to the perfluorinated electrolytes typically used in PEMFCs.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
MASTER THESIS - MATTEO DI VIRGILIO.pdf
solo utenti autorizzati dal 07/04/2023
Descrizione: Testo della tesi
Dimensione
11.91 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
11.91 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in POLITesi sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/10589/154280