The strong competitiveness that characterises the business environment has forced firms to evaluate new strategies to develop and maintain competitive advantage. One response has been the internationalisation strategy, and in particular Offshoring, which has enabled firms to take advantage of some location-specific factors not available domestically. Despite this, offshoring initiatives imply also some risks, that lead firms to reconsider their previous decision to move manufacturing activities abroad. For this reason, in recent years companies have started to reshape the configuration of their globally dispersed value chains, and this topic has been increasingly investigated by academics and practitioners. Specifically, an increasing number of firms has decided to modify its prior location decision by undertaking a Relocation of Second Degree (RSD), which can be distinguished in Relocation to Home Country (RHC) or Relocation to Third Country (RTC) according to the destination country. The aim of this research is to investigate how the RSD initiatives undertaken by firms affects their performance, thus to understand whether the RSD decision is actually beneficial. The performance analysed are both market-oriented and cost-oriented, in order to account respectively for the effectiveness and the efficiency of firms. At first, the RSD is studied in general terms, i.e. without distinguishing between RHC and RTC. Then, the performance outcomes are studied with a more level of detail according also to the nature of the relocation performed by firms. The first chapter provides a review of the extant literature about the Offshoring and Reshoring theory. The second chapter focuses in detail on the connection between the relocation options and the performance outcomes. In the next chapter, the Conceptual Framework is deeply discussed and taken as reference for the development of the hypotheses. Chapter four concentrates on the dataset, both explaining the process that leads to the construction of the database used in the statistical analysis and providing some descriptive statistics. Afterwards, the variables used for the regression analysis are explained and the model implemented is presented, together with the results and some robustness analyses to prove their validity. The last chapter provides a discussion of the obtained results, as well as limitations and avenues for future research. The results obtained prove that the Relocation of Second Degree has a positive effect on market-oriented performance, whereas it negatively affects efficiency-oriented performance, even if this effect disappears when lagging of 2 years the explanatory variable. Concerning the nature of the relocation, the RHC turns out to be more beneficial than RTC for firms in terms of efficiency-oriented performance, indeed companies undertaking an RHC see an improvement in their performance, as opposed to companies performing an RTC. When studying the market-oriented performance, the model does not provide any statistically significant results, however also in this case the results change if lagging of 2 years the explanatory variables, suggesting that companies undertaking an RHC register a higher increase in market-oriented performance than those undertaking an RTC.
La forte competitività che caratterizza l’ambiente economico ha spinto le aziende a considerare nuove strategie per sviluppare e mantenere un vantaggio competitivo. Una risposta è stata la strategia di internalizzazione, e in particolare l’Offshoring, che ha reso possibile alle aziende l’opportunità di trarre vantaggio da alcuni fattori propri di determinate aree geografiche e non disponibili nel paese d’origine. Nonostante questo, l’offshoring implica anche dei rischi che portano le aziende a riconsiderare la loro precedente decisione di spostare le attività manufatturiere all’estero. Per questa ragione, negli ultimi anni le aziende hanno iniziato a riconfigurare le loro catene del valore disperse in tutto il mondo, e questo tema è stato sempre più approfondito da accademici e professionisti. In particolare, un numero crescente di aziende ha deciso di modificare la propria precedente decisione di spostare le attività intraprendendo una Rilocazione di Secondo Livello (RSL), che si distingue in Rilocazione verso il Paese d’Origine (RPO) o Rilocazione verso un Terzo Paese (RTP) a seconda del paese di destinazione. L’obiettivo di questa ricerca è di indagare come le iniziative di RSL intraprese dalle aziende impattino le loro performance, quindi di capire se la decisione di RSL sia davvero vantaggiosa. Le performance analizzate sono sia orientate al mercato sia orientate ai costi, in modo da considerare rispettivamente l’efficacia e l’efficienza delle aziende. Innanzi tutto, la RSL è studiata in termini generali, cioè senza distinguere tra RPO e RTP. In seguito, i risultati di performance sono studiati con un maggior livello di dettaglio considerando anche la natura della rilocazione. Il primo capitolo propone una revisione della precedente letteratura sulla teoria dell’Offshoring e del Reshoring. Il secondo capitolo si concentra in dettaglio sul legame tra le opzioni di rilocazione e i risultati di performance. Nel capitolo seguente viene approfonditamente discusso il Conceptual Framework preso come riferimento per la formulazione delle ipotesi. Il capitolo quattro si concentra sul dataset, sia spiegando il processo che ha portato alla costruzione del database utilizzato per l’analisi statistica, sia fornendo della statistica descrittiva. Successivamente vengono spiegate le variabili utilizzate per l’analisi di regressione e viene introdotto il modello implementato, insieme ai risultati e ad alcune analisi di robustezza per provarne la validità. L’ultimo capito propone una discussione dei risultati ottenuti, insieme ad alcune limitazioni e possibilità per la ricerca futura. I risultati ottenuti provano che la Rilocazione di Secondo Livello ha un effetto positivo sulle performance orientate al mercato, mentre impatta negativamente le performance orientate all’efficienza, anche se tale effetto svanisce se la variabile esplicativa viene ritardata ulteriormente di un anno. Per quanto riguarda la natura della rilocazione, la RPO si rivela essere più vantaggiosa per le aziende in termini di performance orientate all’efficienza, infatti le aziende the intraprendono una RPO riscontrano un miglioramento delle loro performance, al contrario delle aziende che intraprendono una RTP. Studiando le performance orientate al mercato, il modello non fornisce alcun risultato statisticamente significativo, ma anche in questo caso i risultati cambiano se le variabili esplicative vengono ritardate di un anno aggiuntivo, suggerendo che le aziende che intraprendono una RPO ottengono un miglioramento maggiore in termini di performance orientate al mercato rispetto alle aziende che intraprendono una RTP.
How reshoring affects firm's performances : a study on relocations across Europe
CANDELARGIU, MARTINA
2019/2020
Abstract
The strong competitiveness that characterises the business environment has forced firms to evaluate new strategies to develop and maintain competitive advantage. One response has been the internationalisation strategy, and in particular Offshoring, which has enabled firms to take advantage of some location-specific factors not available domestically. Despite this, offshoring initiatives imply also some risks, that lead firms to reconsider their previous decision to move manufacturing activities abroad. For this reason, in recent years companies have started to reshape the configuration of their globally dispersed value chains, and this topic has been increasingly investigated by academics and practitioners. Specifically, an increasing number of firms has decided to modify its prior location decision by undertaking a Relocation of Second Degree (RSD), which can be distinguished in Relocation to Home Country (RHC) or Relocation to Third Country (RTC) according to the destination country. The aim of this research is to investigate how the RSD initiatives undertaken by firms affects their performance, thus to understand whether the RSD decision is actually beneficial. The performance analysed are both market-oriented and cost-oriented, in order to account respectively for the effectiveness and the efficiency of firms. At first, the RSD is studied in general terms, i.e. without distinguishing between RHC and RTC. Then, the performance outcomes are studied with a more level of detail according also to the nature of the relocation performed by firms. The first chapter provides a review of the extant literature about the Offshoring and Reshoring theory. The second chapter focuses in detail on the connection between the relocation options and the performance outcomes. In the next chapter, the Conceptual Framework is deeply discussed and taken as reference for the development of the hypotheses. Chapter four concentrates on the dataset, both explaining the process that leads to the construction of the database used in the statistical analysis and providing some descriptive statistics. Afterwards, the variables used for the regression analysis are explained and the model implemented is presented, together with the results and some robustness analyses to prove their validity. The last chapter provides a discussion of the obtained results, as well as limitations and avenues for future research. The results obtained prove that the Relocation of Second Degree has a positive effect on market-oriented performance, whereas it negatively affects efficiency-oriented performance, even if this effect disappears when lagging of 2 years the explanatory variable. Concerning the nature of the relocation, the RHC turns out to be more beneficial than RTC for firms in terms of efficiency-oriented performance, indeed companies undertaking an RHC see an improvement in their performance, as opposed to companies performing an RTC. When studying the market-oriented performance, the model does not provide any statistically significant results, however also in this case the results change if lagging of 2 years the explanatory variables, suggesting that companies undertaking an RHC register a higher increase in market-oriented performance than those undertaking an RTC.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/154309