The renewable source growing trend is largely dominated by PV and Wind plants, intermittent source of energy. Thermodynamic solar with CSP technology (Concentrating Solar Power) in combination with thermal storage allows to overcome the problem of the intermittence of the source. The LCOE (Levelized Cost Of Electricity) of CSP plants (160 €/MWh) is higher in comparison with PV and Wind Farms, causing a minor attention and less interest. The reduction of LCOE can be obtained by enhancing thermodynamic performance, overall performance of the plant and/or with cost reduction; for example, using CO2 based mixtures in transcritical cycles. To improve efficiency is possible to enhance the temperature of the receiver and ultimately of the cycle (700°C), at this temperature it is more convenient to use different fluid, for example CO2, instead of water. In the frame of the SCARABEUS project with the participation of Politecnico di Milano mixtures suitable for application in hot desert areas are investigated. The aim is to find a fluid that does not react with CO2 and has a critical temperature higher than the environmental temperature in order to exploit a condensative cycle. To perform thermodynamic calculations, specific software with specific equations of state are available, but for not yet well investigated mixtures they cannot provide advanced methodologies or no results at all because those mixtures are not present in the database. The scope of this work of thesis was to study an independent thermodynamic method, developing in Matlab environment codes able to provide autonomously a characterization for the computation of thermodynamic properties. In addition to the gaseous and supercritical behavior, simpler both theoretically both numerically, the behavior in liquid region and in the 2-phase region was examined, comparing the proposed methods with the result provided by available software for different mixtures. The chosen equation of state was the Volume Translated Peng Robinson (VTPR), a cubic equation evolution of the classic Peng Robinson. The CO2 based mixtures involved were principally two, the first in combination with TiCl4 and the second with C6F14. ; the first resulted more attractive from a thermodynamic point of view but with an high level of environmental criticality. An environmental analysis of a CSP plant, considering both a state of the art steam cycle and an innovative CO2 based cycle, was performed evaluating the avoided emissions of pollutants in comparison with two cases; the first case regarding a combined cycle gas utility and the second regarding the Italian fossil fuel energy mix.
La tendenza di crescita di impianti a fonte rinnovabile è largamente dominata da Fotovoltaico ed Eolico, due tipologie a fonte intermittente. Il Solare Termodinamico con la tecnologia CSP (Concentrating Solar Power) con accumulo termico permette di ovviare ai problemi dovuti alla intermittenza della fonte. Il LCOE (Levelized Cost Of Electricity) degli impianti CSP (160 €/MWh) è però più elevato rispetto a quello di impianti fotovoltaici ed eolici, comportando di fatto una minore attenzione ed attrattività degli impianti CSP. La riduzione dell’LCOE può essere raggiunta aumentando le prestazioni del ciclo termodinamico e dell’impianto nel suo complesso e/o tramite una riduzione dei costi di impianto; tutto ciò ad esempio tramite l’utilizzo di miscele a base di CO2 in cicli transcritici. Per aumentare l’ efficienza è possibile aumentare la temperatura del ricevitore e di conseguenza del ciclo termodinamico (700°C), a queste temperature è più conveniente usare fluidi diversi dall’ acqua, per esempio la CO2. Nell’ ambito del Progetto SCARABEUS cui partecipa il Politecnico di Milano si ricercano possibili composti da aggiungere alla CO2per poter rendere performante il ciclo termodinamico in ambienti desertici, caratterizzati da elevate temperature ambiente. Lo scopo è quello di aggiungere alla CO2 un composto che abbia una temperatura critica superiore a quella ambientale in modo da poter utilizzare un ciclo condensativo. La nuova miscela dovrà inoltre essere stabile.. Per valutare le proprietà termodinamiche di tali miscele ci si avvale di specifici software, che si avvalgono di equazioni di stato; però per miscele poco conosciute possono fornire metodologie non avanzate o non averle presenti nel database. Lo scopo di questo lavoro di tesi è stato quello di studiare un metodo di analisi termodinamica indipendente dai principali software di utilizzo, sviluppando in ambiente Matlab dei codici che potessero fornire autonomamente una caratterizzazione per il calcolo delle proprietà termodinamiche Oltre al comportamento in fase gassosa e supercritica, di più semplice approccio sia teorico che numerico, si è indagato il comportamento in zona liquida e nel bifase, confrontando i metodi introdotti su miscele di cui era noto il comportamento termodinamico con i risultati forniti da NIST Refprop L’ equazione di stato utilizzata è la Volume Translated Peng Robinson (VTPR), un’equazione cubica evoluzione della classica Peng Robinson. Le miscele a base di CO2 indagate sono state principalmente due, una in combinazione con TiCl4 e la seconda con C6F14.; la prima è risultata più performante dal punto di vista termodinamico ma con importanti criticità a livello ambientale. Infine, è stata effettuata un’analisi ambientale di un impianto CSP allo stato dell’arte utilizzando un ciclo a vapor d’acqua ed uno innovativo che utilizza miscele a base di CO2 stimando le emissioni di inquinanti evitate rispetto a due scenari; un primo scenario riguardante una centrale a gas naturale a ciclo combinato ed un secondo scenario riguardante il mix energetico a fonte fossile italiano.
Thermodynamic models for CO2 based mixtures : application in transcritical cycles for concentrating solar power plants
MARCOVATI, LUCA
2019/2020
Abstract
The renewable source growing trend is largely dominated by PV and Wind plants, intermittent source of energy. Thermodynamic solar with CSP technology (Concentrating Solar Power) in combination with thermal storage allows to overcome the problem of the intermittence of the source. The LCOE (Levelized Cost Of Electricity) of CSP plants (160 €/MWh) is higher in comparison with PV and Wind Farms, causing a minor attention and less interest. The reduction of LCOE can be obtained by enhancing thermodynamic performance, overall performance of the plant and/or with cost reduction; for example, using CO2 based mixtures in transcritical cycles. To improve efficiency is possible to enhance the temperature of the receiver and ultimately of the cycle (700°C), at this temperature it is more convenient to use different fluid, for example CO2, instead of water. In the frame of the SCARABEUS project with the participation of Politecnico di Milano mixtures suitable for application in hot desert areas are investigated. The aim is to find a fluid that does not react with CO2 and has a critical temperature higher than the environmental temperature in order to exploit a condensative cycle. To perform thermodynamic calculations, specific software with specific equations of state are available, but for not yet well investigated mixtures they cannot provide advanced methodologies or no results at all because those mixtures are not present in the database. The scope of this work of thesis was to study an independent thermodynamic method, developing in Matlab environment codes able to provide autonomously a characterization for the computation of thermodynamic properties. In addition to the gaseous and supercritical behavior, simpler both theoretically both numerically, the behavior in liquid region and in the 2-phase region was examined, comparing the proposed methods with the result provided by available software for different mixtures. The chosen equation of state was the Volume Translated Peng Robinson (VTPR), a cubic equation evolution of the classic Peng Robinson. The CO2 based mixtures involved were principally two, the first in combination with TiCl4 and the second with C6F14. ; the first resulted more attractive from a thermodynamic point of view but with an high level of environmental criticality. An environmental analysis of a CSP plant, considering both a state of the art steam cycle and an innovative CO2 based cycle, was performed evaluating the avoided emissions of pollutants in comparison with two cases; the first case regarding a combined cycle gas utility and the second regarding the Italian fossil fuel energy mix.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/154477