Macro-pollutants and micro-pollutants are responsible for European waters contamination, which is causing effects on the environment and human health. There are many sources of this contamination. Among the main ones, there are the urban and industrial wastewater treatment plants, which dispose the effluents principally in rivers. They are subjected to the Directive 91/271/EEC, which defines the guide lines for the collection, the treatment and the disposal of the European wastewater. Therefore, the efficiency of the wastewater treatment plants plays a fundamental role for assuring the quality of river waters. For this reason, it has been made a revision of the Directive 91/271/EEC, evaluating the European wastewater treatment plants efficiency, correlating this results to rivers quality. First of all, it has been analysed and classified the river waters quality respect to the presence of three macro-pollutants, evaluating the variation between the years 1993-2017. Then, it has been conducted an analysis for the river basin districts, evaluating the European wastewater treatment plants compliance to the Directive 91/271/EEC. Then, this analysis has been correlated to the concentration of the three macro-pollutants in the river waters of the different districts. Furthermore, it has been determined the contamination of the European river waters related to the presence of six micro-pollutants. From this analysis, it has been made a study regarding the river waters quality of a specific European Member State. Finally, since the current challenge of the wastewater treatment plants is related to the removal of the micro-pollutants contained into the wastewater, which are often recalcitrant to the removal, it has been made a correlation analysis for determining which is the factor that mainly causes a removal of these contaminants in wastewater treatment plants. Factors that are taken into consideration for the analysis are those for which the scientific literature has data available. For making this analysis, it has been created a database reporting data taken from scientific literature, relative to European and Extra-European wastewater treatment plants.
Macroinquinanti e microinquinanti sono responsabili della contaminazione delle acque europee, che sta provocando ripercussioni sull’ambiente e sulla salute umana. Diverse sono le sorgenti che immettono i contaminanti nelle acque. Tra le principali vi sono gli impianti di trattamento delle acque reflue urbane ed industriali, che sversano i reflui depurati principalmente nei fiumi. Essi sono soggetti alla Direttiva 91/271/CEE, che definisce le linee guida da adottare per la raccolta, il trattamento e lo smaltimento delle acque reflue europee. Dunque, l’efficienza degli impianti di depurazione assume un ruolo fondamentale per garantire la qualità dei corsi d’acqua. Per questo motivo, si è eseguita una revisione della Direttiva 91/271/CEE valutando l’efficienza degli impianti di depurazione europei e correlando i risultati ottenuti alla qualità dei fiumi. Innanzitutto, si è analizzata e classificata la qualità delle acque fluviali rispetto alla presenza di tre macroinquinanti, valutandone la variazione negli anni compresi tra il 1993 ed il 2017. Successivamente, si è realizzata un’analisi per distretto idrografico, valutando la conformità degli impianti di trattamento europei alla Direttiva 91/271/CEE. Tale analisi è stata poi correlata alla concentrazione presente dei tre macroinquinanti nelle acque fluviali dei vari distretti. Accanto a questa valutazione, si è determinata la situazione di contaminazione delle acque fluviali europee relativamente alla presenza di sei microinquinanti. Da questa analisi è nato un approfondimento in merito alla qualità delle acque fluviali di uno specifico Stato Membro dell’Unione Europea. Infine, dal momento che la sfida attuale degli impianti di trattamento delle acque reflue è la rimozione dei microinquinanti, spesso non rimovibili con trattamenti convenzionali, si è svolta un’analisi di correlazione per cercare di determinare quale fattore incida maggiormente sulla capacità di rimozione di un impianto di depurazione. I fattori considerati nell'analisi riguardano sia fattori impiantistici che propri dei contaminanti. Per effettuare questa analisi è stato realizzato un database mediante dati tratti dalla letteratura scientifica, relativi ad impianti di depurazione europei ed extraeuropei.
Revisione della direttiva 91/271/CEE per il trattamento dei reflui urbani ed industriali : un'analisi critica
GALLAZZI, LICIA
2018/2019
Abstract
Macro-pollutants and micro-pollutants are responsible for European waters contamination, which is causing effects on the environment and human health. There are many sources of this contamination. Among the main ones, there are the urban and industrial wastewater treatment plants, which dispose the effluents principally in rivers. They are subjected to the Directive 91/271/EEC, which defines the guide lines for the collection, the treatment and the disposal of the European wastewater. Therefore, the efficiency of the wastewater treatment plants plays a fundamental role for assuring the quality of river waters. For this reason, it has been made a revision of the Directive 91/271/EEC, evaluating the European wastewater treatment plants efficiency, correlating this results to rivers quality. First of all, it has been analysed and classified the river waters quality respect to the presence of three macro-pollutants, evaluating the variation between the years 1993-2017. Then, it has been conducted an analysis for the river basin districts, evaluating the European wastewater treatment plants compliance to the Directive 91/271/EEC. Then, this analysis has been correlated to the concentration of the three macro-pollutants in the river waters of the different districts. Furthermore, it has been determined the contamination of the European river waters related to the presence of six micro-pollutants. From this analysis, it has been made a study regarding the river waters quality of a specific European Member State. Finally, since the current challenge of the wastewater treatment plants is related to the removal of the micro-pollutants contained into the wastewater, which are often recalcitrant to the removal, it has been made a correlation analysis for determining which is the factor that mainly causes a removal of these contaminants in wastewater treatment plants. Factors that are taken into consideration for the analysis are those for which the scientific literature has data available. For making this analysis, it has been created a database reporting data taken from scientific literature, relative to European and Extra-European wastewater treatment plants.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/154524