Nowadays' energy infrastructure is probably the most complex engineering machine ever built. It is made of millions of strongly-heterogeneous devices electrically-interconnected. The roles of operators and regulators, was, until some years ago, manly to secure the correct distribution of energy from production to distribution. Nevertheless, the situation is actively changing. The actors' number in the grid is increasing abruptly, and their roles are overlapping. Consumers become able to produce energy through technology like photovoltaic cells or small wind turbines; final-resources, like electric vehicles or batteries, could instead represent vital strategic assets for managing the grid. However, system coordination is nowadays mainly centrally managed, and lower-levels are virtually invisible from a control perspective. Therefore, distributed energy resources are cut-off from the possibility of exploiting the electric infrastructure directly. This is not only negative for them, but it prevents the entire system from employing their potential. A system able to better scale to the distributed nature of the actual electric grid will be capable of better integrating distributed energy resources, offer new economic advantages, foster emph{say{green}} electricity production, and ensure a more resilient infrastructure. This thesis, developed thanks also to an experimental testing period at ABB Spa, was aimed at developing a distributed infrastructure for handling electricity distribution operations, allowing grid-edge devices to participate directly in a decentralized market setting by transacting energy even at small levels. The developed experimental system was, therefore, focused on providing such a coordination environment using information and communications technology. Distributed Ledger Technologies and, in particular, Blockchain were individuated as a potential tool for building it. Hence, in the project, a Blockchain-based infrastructure was built for hosting such a distributed environment. The core of the thesis was then aimed at allowing DER's controlling-devices to interact directly within this infrastructure. The final objective was demonstrating that nowadays' low-resources embedded devices, used within the current grid, could already form the base of this future-oriented energy infrastructure. The developed system is therefore inserted in the domain of electricity distribution; hence, by inheriting its vital concept and analyzing its core problems, it tries to enhance the current system for operating and managing such complex infrastructure. Admittedly, this goal is exceptionally vast, therefore keeping this in mind, the first step was moved in the analysis of edge devices usage and requested characteristic. The thesis, therefore, starts by analyzing the current energy scenario, its problems, and characteristics. Attention is then moved to the devices and technology currently in use within it. Finally, the theory behind distributed computer systems, distributed ledgers technology, and in particular, Blockchains are presented. The core of the work is then addressed presenting the developed software artifacts, their logic, and design. On this basis, final analyzes were conducted to understand and prove the real effectiveness of DLT technologies implementation in real energy devices.
Oggi l'infrastruttura energetica è probabilmente la macchina più complessa mai costruita. È composto da milioni di dispositivi fortemente eterogenei ed interconnessi elettricamente. Il ruolo degli operatori e regolatori era, fino a qualche anno fa, quello di garantire la corretta distribuzione dell'energia, dalla produzione alla distribuzione. Tuttavia, la situazione sta cambiando in maniera dinamica. Il numero degli attori nella rete elettrica sta crescendo in maniera repentina, e i ruoli, una volta distinti e separti, incmonciano a sovrapporsi. I consumatori diventano in grado di produrre energia attraverso tecnologie come le celle fotovoltaiche, e alcune risorse ritenute semplici fonti di domanda, come i veicoli elettrici, hanno la ptenzialitá di rappresentare, nel futuro, risorse strategiche vitali per la gestione della rete. Tuttavia, il coordinamento del sistema è attualmente gestito principalmente a livello centrale e i livelli inferiori sono praticamente invisibili dal punto di vista del controllo. Pertanto, le risorse energetiche distribuite sono letteralmente escluse dalla possibilità di sfruttare direttamente l'infrastruttura elettrica. Questo non è solo negativo per loro, ma impedisce all'intero sistema di sfruttare il loro potenziale. Un sistema in grado di adattarsi meglio alla natura distribuita della rete elettrica odierna, sarebbe in grado d'integrare meglio le risorse energetiche distribuite (chiamate DER), offrire migliori vantaggi economici, favorire la produzione di elettricità più sostenibile e garantire un'infrastruttura più resiliente. Pertanto, questa tesi é stata finalizzata allo sviluppo di un'infrastruttura distribuita per la gestione delle operazioni di dispacciamento elettrico. L'obbiettivo era quindi consentire perfino ai dispositivi a prima trasparenti di partecipare direttamente in un contesto di mercato decentralizzato e consentendo loro di effettuare transazioni nonostante la taglia inferiore. Il lavoro sperimentale sviluppato si è quindi concentrato sulla fornitura di un tale sistema di coordinamento utilizzando l'innovazione in capo ICT. Distributed Ledger Technology e, in particolare, Blockchain sono state quindi individuate come un potenziale strumento per realizzare tale sistema. Quindi, nel progetto, è stata utilizzata una rete Blockchain per sviluppare un'infrastruttura basata su di essa e in grado di ospitare l'ambiente distribuito per garantire l'interazione dei vari nodi. Il nucleo della tesi é stato quindi mirato a consentire ai dispositivi di controllo DER, caratterizzati da limitazione di risorse computazionali, di interagire direttamente all'interno di questa infrastruttura. L'obiettivo finale era dimostrare che oggigiorno tali dispositivi embedded, utilizzati per controllare le risorse energetiche come i sistemi fotovoltaici, potrebbero già iniziare a costituire la base di questa rete energetica distribuita. Il sistema sviluppato è quindi inserito nel dominio della distribuzione di elettricità, ne eredita, di consequenza, il suo concetto basilare e, analizzando i suoi problemi fondamentali, cerca di migliorare l'attuale sistema per il funzionamento e la gestione di tale complessa infrastruttura. Certo, questo obiettivo è eccezionalmente vasto, quindi, il primo passo è stato spostato nell'analisi dei metodi per consentire la diretta partecipazione dei dispositivi embedded in tale framework e delle caratteristiche richieste. La tesi, quindi, inizia analizzando lo scenario energetico attuale, i suoi problemi e le sue caratteristiche. L'attenzione viene quindi spostata sui dispositivi e sulla tecnologia attualmente in uso al suo interno. Infine, viene presentata la teoria alla base dei sistemi informatici distribuiti, della Distributed Ledger Technology e, in particolare, Blockchain. Il nucleo centrale del lavoro viene quindi affrontato. Ciò rappresenta i software sviluppati, la loro logica e il loro design per consentire di raggiungere l'obbiettivo prefissato. Sulla base di questi, vengono poi condotte analisi per capire se il risultato finale, come dimostrato, e soddisfacente permettendo di terminare positivamente il lavoro svolto.
Deployment of DLT operability in embedded energy devices using a blockchain protocol. Setting the base for a broad-spectrum interconnected electric system
BAGGIO, ALVISE
2018/2019
Abstract
Nowadays' energy infrastructure is probably the most complex engineering machine ever built. It is made of millions of strongly-heterogeneous devices electrically-interconnected. The roles of operators and regulators, was, until some years ago, manly to secure the correct distribution of energy from production to distribution. Nevertheless, the situation is actively changing. The actors' number in the grid is increasing abruptly, and their roles are overlapping. Consumers become able to produce energy through technology like photovoltaic cells or small wind turbines; final-resources, like electric vehicles or batteries, could instead represent vital strategic assets for managing the grid. However, system coordination is nowadays mainly centrally managed, and lower-levels are virtually invisible from a control perspective. Therefore, distributed energy resources are cut-off from the possibility of exploiting the electric infrastructure directly. This is not only negative for them, but it prevents the entire system from employing their potential. A system able to better scale to the distributed nature of the actual electric grid will be capable of better integrating distributed energy resources, offer new economic advantages, foster emph{say{green}} electricity production, and ensure a more resilient infrastructure. This thesis, developed thanks also to an experimental testing period at ABB Spa, was aimed at developing a distributed infrastructure for handling electricity distribution operations, allowing grid-edge devices to participate directly in a decentralized market setting by transacting energy even at small levels. The developed experimental system was, therefore, focused on providing such a coordination environment using information and communications technology. Distributed Ledger Technologies and, in particular, Blockchain were individuated as a potential tool for building it. Hence, in the project, a Blockchain-based infrastructure was built for hosting such a distributed environment. The core of the thesis was then aimed at allowing DER's controlling-devices to interact directly within this infrastructure. The final objective was demonstrating that nowadays' low-resources embedded devices, used within the current grid, could already form the base of this future-oriented energy infrastructure. The developed system is therefore inserted in the domain of electricity distribution; hence, by inheriting its vital concept and analyzing its core problems, it tries to enhance the current system for operating and managing such complex infrastructure. Admittedly, this goal is exceptionally vast, therefore keeping this in mind, the first step was moved in the analysis of edge devices usage and requested characteristic. The thesis, therefore, starts by analyzing the current energy scenario, its problems, and characteristics. Attention is then moved to the devices and technology currently in use within it. Finally, the theory behind distributed computer systems, distributed ledgers technology, and in particular, Blockchains are presented. The core of the work is then addressed presenting the developed software artifacts, their logic, and design. On this basis, final analyzes were conducted to understand and prove the real effectiveness of DLT technologies implementation in real energy devices.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Alvise Baggio Master of Science Thesis: Deployment of DLT Operability in Embedded Energy Devices Using a Blockchain Protocol
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/164413