Islands significantly rely on fossil fuel importation or power interconnections with continental energy suppliers. Therefore, they depend on energy that is both not cost effective, and that implies a considerable environmental impact which can no more be neglected. One of the solutions to respond to this problematic is the use of renewable energy sources, of which for their insularity, proximity to the sea and latitude, islands are usually rich. For instance, solar or wind sources of energy are in continuous development to replace fossil fuels, which are harmful to the environment and create energy dependence. However, their main issue is that they are intermittent and variable sources of power that thereby encounter difficulty in integrating the existing power grid. Nevertheless, recent studies developed Multi Energy Systems (MES) that enable a new perspective on the power grid by allowing interconnection and integration of different type of fuel together, thus Renewable Energy Sources (RES), directly to consumers and micro storages. The purpose of this thesis is therefore to estimate the electric consumption of a small Italian island, San Pietro, from the study of the typical residential buildings up to urban scale, and to review its power grid system, in order to respond as much as possible to the electricity demand with local renewable energy sources. To do so, a first analysis of the island’s state of art, of the building environment and of the actual present energy systems is established to build a reference baseline model as accurate as possible to reality. In addition, a comparison of two building energy modeling simulation tools (iES Virtual Environment, EnergyPlus) and their convective heat transfer calculation methods has been evaluated. Then, the study focuses on demonstrating the benefits of implementing renewable energies such as solar or wind sources into the power system. In particular, on how the combination of heat pumps, renewable systems and electric storages would allow to optimize the distribution and management of the load’s demand by interconnecting the users directly to the local renewable energy sources and turning them into ‘’prosumers’’ to minimize the island’s dependency from the national grid.
Le isole dipendono in modo significativo dall'importazione di combustibili fossili o dalle interconnessioni con la rete elettrica del continente. Pertanto, dipendono da energia che non solo ha una forte incidenza a livello economico, ma ha anche un notevole impatto ambientale, che non può più essere trascurato. Una delle soluzioni che sta emergendo sempre più per rispondere a questa problematica è l'uso di fonti di energia rinnovabile, di cui per la conformazione, vicinanza al mare e latitudine, le isole sono generalmente ricche. Ad esempio, le fonti di energia solare o eolica sono in continuo sviluppo per sostituire l'energia tradizionale che si basa su combustibili fossili dannosi per l'ambiente. Tuttavia, il loro problema principale è che sono fonti di energia intermittenti e variabili che incontrano quindi difficoltà ad essere integrati nella rete elettrica esistente. Ciononostante, recenti studi hanno sviluppato i Multi Energy Systems (MES) che aprono una nuova prospettiva sulla rete elettrica consentendo l'interconnessione e l'integrazione di diverse fonti di energia, in particolare fonti di energia rinnovabile (RES, Renewable energy sources), direttamente con i consumatori e i micro-storage. Lo scopo di questa tesi è quindi quello di valutare il consumo elettrico degli edifici residenziali di una piccola isola italiana, San Pietro, e di rivedere il suo sistema di rete elettrica su scala urbana, al fine di rispondere il più possibile alla domanda di elettricità in maniera sostenibile. Per fare ciò, viene stabilita una prima analisi dello stato dell'arte dell'isola, dell'ambiente costruito e degli attuali sistemi energetici, al fine di creare un modello di riferimento di base il più accurato possibile per poi apportare i miglioramenti. Quindi, lo studio si concentra sulla dimostrazione dei vantaggi dell'implementazione di energia rinnovabile come fonti solari o eoliche nel sistema elettrico. In particolare, la combinazione di pompe di calore, sistemi di fonti energetiche rinnovabili e stoccaggio elettrico consente di ottimizzare la distribuzione e la gestione della domanda di carico interconnettendo i consumatori direttamente alla fonte di energia e trasformandoli in "prosumer", al fine di minimizzare la dipendenza dell’isola dalla rete elettrica nazionale.
Moving towards energy self sufficiency : urban scale modeling of San Pietro island and development of a grid with renewable energy sources and storage systems
PAPA, RAPHAELLE;DOGLIANI, BEATRICE
2019/2020
Abstract
Islands significantly rely on fossil fuel importation or power interconnections with continental energy suppliers. Therefore, they depend on energy that is both not cost effective, and that implies a considerable environmental impact which can no more be neglected. One of the solutions to respond to this problematic is the use of renewable energy sources, of which for their insularity, proximity to the sea and latitude, islands are usually rich. For instance, solar or wind sources of energy are in continuous development to replace fossil fuels, which are harmful to the environment and create energy dependence. However, their main issue is that they are intermittent and variable sources of power that thereby encounter difficulty in integrating the existing power grid. Nevertheless, recent studies developed Multi Energy Systems (MES) that enable a new perspective on the power grid by allowing interconnection and integration of different type of fuel together, thus Renewable Energy Sources (RES), directly to consumers and micro storages. The purpose of this thesis is therefore to estimate the electric consumption of a small Italian island, San Pietro, from the study of the typical residential buildings up to urban scale, and to review its power grid system, in order to respond as much as possible to the electricity demand with local renewable energy sources. To do so, a first analysis of the island’s state of art, of the building environment and of the actual present energy systems is established to build a reference baseline model as accurate as possible to reality. In addition, a comparison of two building energy modeling simulation tools (iES Virtual Environment, EnergyPlus) and their convective heat transfer calculation methods has been evaluated. Then, the study focuses on demonstrating the benefits of implementing renewable energies such as solar or wind sources into the power system. In particular, on how the combination of heat pumps, renewable systems and electric storages would allow to optimize the distribution and management of the load’s demand by interconnecting the users directly to the local renewable energy sources and turning them into ‘’prosumers’’ to minimize the island’s dependency from the national grid.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/164693