In the field of nanomedicine, gene therapy has been gaining increasing interest in the treatment of genetic disorders. The use of nucleic acids as therapeutic agents, with the aim of silencing or modulating gene expression, correcting defecting splicing of transcripts or restoring the expression of a missing protein, represents a promising technology for the treatment of both inherited and acquired diseases. In this regard, a novel discipline called theranostic investigates multifunctional nanoplatforms to allow simultaneous delivery of targeting, therapeutic and imaging agents. Among imaging techniques 19F-MRI, as a complementary technique to 1H-MRI, has been gaining growing interest in drug, nanovector and cell tracking due to the lack of endogenous organic 19F in the body. The aim of this research work was the development of a theranostic polymeric nanovector for miRNA Mimic delivery in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Biodegradable cationic dendrons and dendrimers represent a promising class of macromolecules for gene delivery for the following reasons: high density of surface functional groups (multivalency), synthesis through a step-by-step reaction procedure, highly control in structure and size, easy functionalization with ligands or active groups, ability to degrade in physiological environment, reduced cytotoxicity and capacity to complex with nucleic acids through electrostatic interactions. In this thesis work a biodegradable fluorinated amphiphilic cationic dendron was synthesized by a copper catalyzed Azide-Alkyne cycloaddition reaction. An optimized synthesis procedure of the dendron, its physical-chemical and structural characterization as well as its self-assembly behavior in physiological conditions are herein described. Chemical structure was confirmed by 1H, 19F, 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopies (NMR), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Electrospray Ionization Mass spectroscopy (ESI); thermal properties were assessed through Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) while self-assembled aggregates were characterized in terms of size, structure, surface charge, stability and 19F-NMR properties by means of Dinamic Light Scattering (DLS), Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS), Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy (cryoTEM), Zeta Potential (ZP) and 19F-NMR. Moreover, preliminary complexation experiments with plasmid DNA were performed to evaluate the efficiency of the synthesized dendron to work as nucleic acids carrier. The optimized protocol allowed the attainment of a cationic amphiphilic fluorinated dendron in a good yield forming a colloidal stable dispersion of spherical micelles with a net positive surface charge, excellent 19F-NMR properties and capable to complex nucleic acid at low N/P ratio.
Nell’ambito della nanomedicina, la terapia genica sta suscitando crescente interesse per il trattamento di patologie causate da anomalie genetiche. In particolar modo, l’utilizzo di acidi nucleici come agenti terapeutici, con lo scopo di silenziare o modulare l’espressione genica, correggere difetti a livello dello splicing del trascritto o ripristinare la corretta espressione proteica rappresenta un approccio promettente per il trattamento di disordini sia ereditari sia acquisiti. In questo campo, un crescente interesse è rappresentato dalla teranostica, un ramo della nanomedicina che si occupa dello sviluppo di nanosistemi multivalenti che comprendono agenti di targeting, terapeutici e diagnostici. Inoltre, tra le tecniche di bioimaging sta acquisendo crescente interesse la risonanza magnetica (RM) del nucleo 19F come agente di marcatura sia per molecole sia per nanoparticelle sia per cellule, proprio per l’assenza di 19F endogeno nel corpo. Questo progetto di tesi mira a sviluppare un nanovettore visibile in risonanza magnetica al fluoro e adatto al trasporto di miRNA per il trattamento della Sclerosi Laterale Amiotrofica (SLA). I dendroni e i dendrimeri biodegradabili e cationici rappresentano una classe di macromolecole promettenti nell’ambito della terapia genica. Questo è dovuto alla loro elevata densità di gruppi funzionali di superficie (multivalenza), alla loro semplicità e scalabilità di sintesi che ne permette un elevato controllo a livello di struttura e dimensioni, alle innumerevoli possibilità di funzionalizzazioni (ad esempio con specifici ligandi), alla loro capacità di degradarsi in ambiente fisiologico, con conseguente riduzione della tossicità, e alla loro capacità di complessare con gli acidi nucleici tramite interazioni elettrostatiche. In particolar modo, durante questo lavoro di tesi è stato sintetizzato, tramite una ciclo-addizione di Huisgen, un innovativo dendrone cationico anfifilico e fluorurato. L’elaborato tratterà quindi del processo di sintesi ottimizzato e degli studi effettuati per caratterizzare la struttura chimica della molecola e il comportamento di auto-associazione in soluzioni fisiologiche. La caratterizzazione della struttura chimica è stata eseguita tramite risonanza magnetica dei nuclei 1H, 19F e 13C, spettroscopia infrarossa e spettrometria di massa. Le proprietà termiche del dendrone sintetizzato sono state studiate tramite analisi termogravimetrica, mentre gli aggregati in soluzione sono stati caratterizzati in termini di forma, dimensione, carica di superficie, stabilità e proprietà di risonanza magnetica al fluoro, tramite misure di Diffusione Dinamica della luce, Diffusione di raggi X a piccolo angolo, Microscopia Elettronica a Trasmissione, Potenziale Zeta e Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare. Inoltre, sono stati effettuati studi preliminari di complessazione per valutare la capacità del dendrone di funzionare come vettore per il trasporto di acidi nucleici. Il protocollo di sintesi e formulazione ottimizzato ha permesso di ottenere una dispersione pressoché omogenea di micelle fluorurate con una netta carica positiva di superficie, ottime proprietà di risonanza magnetica al fluoro e capacità di complessare gli acidi nucleici a un basso rapporto ammina-fosfato.
Synthesis and characterization of fluorinated amphiphilic dendrons as vectors for gene delivery in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
BONA, BEATRICE LUCIA
2018/2019
Abstract
In the field of nanomedicine, gene therapy has been gaining increasing interest in the treatment of genetic disorders. The use of nucleic acids as therapeutic agents, with the aim of silencing or modulating gene expression, correcting defecting splicing of transcripts or restoring the expression of a missing protein, represents a promising technology for the treatment of both inherited and acquired diseases. In this regard, a novel discipline called theranostic investigates multifunctional nanoplatforms to allow simultaneous delivery of targeting, therapeutic and imaging agents. Among imaging techniques 19F-MRI, as a complementary technique to 1H-MRI, has been gaining growing interest in drug, nanovector and cell tracking due to the lack of endogenous organic 19F in the body. The aim of this research work was the development of a theranostic polymeric nanovector for miRNA Mimic delivery in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Biodegradable cationic dendrons and dendrimers represent a promising class of macromolecules for gene delivery for the following reasons: high density of surface functional groups (multivalency), synthesis through a step-by-step reaction procedure, highly control in structure and size, easy functionalization with ligands or active groups, ability to degrade in physiological environment, reduced cytotoxicity and capacity to complex with nucleic acids through electrostatic interactions. In this thesis work a biodegradable fluorinated amphiphilic cationic dendron was synthesized by a copper catalyzed Azide-Alkyne cycloaddition reaction. An optimized synthesis procedure of the dendron, its physical-chemical and structural characterization as well as its self-assembly behavior in physiological conditions are herein described. Chemical structure was confirmed by 1H, 19F, 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopies (NMR), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Electrospray Ionization Mass spectroscopy (ESI); thermal properties were assessed through Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) while self-assembled aggregates were characterized in terms of size, structure, surface charge, stability and 19F-NMR properties by means of Dinamic Light Scattering (DLS), Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS), Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy (cryoTEM), Zeta Potential (ZP) and 19F-NMR. Moreover, preliminary complexation experiments with plasmid DNA were performed to evaluate the efficiency of the synthesized dendron to work as nucleic acids carrier. The optimized protocol allowed the attainment of a cationic amphiphilic fluorinated dendron in a good yield forming a colloidal stable dispersion of spherical micelles with a net positive surface charge, excellent 19F-NMR properties and capable to complex nucleic acid at low N/P ratio.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Synthesis and characterization of fluorinated amphiphilic dendrons as vectors for gene delivery in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/164700