The Hospital is characterized by a complex organisation structure. All the actors involved play fundamental roles processing the resources available (e.g. economical, technological, information) in order to utilise these to provide healthcare services for patients. Within the hospital, there is a particular team of professionals, constituting the department of Clinical Engineering, whose main goal is not to directly provide the Profile of care in terms of therapies, cures, or diagnostics, but it consists in supporting clinical staff with ancillary services of management of health technologies. Inside an hospital, one of the most important sources of harm for patients is the electro-shock. It can happen when the human body gets in contact with a medical equipment. When a direct or indirect hazardous contact happens, an electrical current flow through the human body, potentially causing serious hazards such as interruption of respiration, ventricular fibrillation, tissue burns. In order to prevent electro-shock, risk management process requires to perform electrical safety testing on the devices that utilise and conduct electrical power under normal working conditions. One main goal of this thesis is the development of a model of a Clinical Engineering Service, in which it is possible to identify the actors and units involved in all the specific activities necessary in the Health Care Management. The other objective is the production of e-Learning tools on the Electrical Safety Testing for medical devices. In order to obtain the first objective, an organisation case study is performed. Examining the whole structure of the department organisation and evaluating the fundamental tasks and interactions of its working units, is possible to create a model using an inductive method. An initial literature analysis of academic and institutional sources helps to contextualise and define the process of Health Technology Management performed by the clinical engineers within the hospital setting. An investigation on field through shadowing, meetings, and non-structured interviews with professionals of the department enables a deeper understanding of dynamics, tasks, and roles within the department. These interactions, alongside primary information from internal documents, provides the research of subjective, but more complete and detailed information. Generalising and schematising all the information gathered, permits the creation of the theoretical model of the organisational structure of a complex clinical engineering service. In order to reach the second goal, international standards, Italian regulations, English guidance notes, and user manuals of the electrical safety analyser were studied. Then, protocols for electrical safety, inspection, and testing are followed and implemented on medical equipment, such as electrocardiograph, patient monitor, oxygen concentrator. Didactic materials on the medical devices Electrical Safety Testing are produced as e-Learning tools and structured as a combination of videos, taken at the University laboratory, and a booklet. The e-Learning tools are reviewed by professionals of the Clinical Engineering department at Nottingham University Hospital. Through an inductive methodology, in which the subjectivity of qualitative interviews determined the poorer rigorousness and generalisability of the model, it is possible to achieve a deeper insight and better conceptualization of the dynamics of the Health Technology Management organisation. The e-Learning tools could be proposed as support for some professionals of such organisation. In particular, they can be useful in the design, the planning, the installation, and the commissioning of medical devices. However, one major application would be in the field of risk management and governance of medical devices electrical safety. In this case, in order to ensure the management of equipment in harmony with the optimisation of patients’ outcomes, a fluid dialogue is needed between clinical engineers and several other clinical figures such as doctors, nurses, specialized technicians, and external biomedical companies. Another important application of the e-Learning tools is the support as reference during the daily servicing of devices, the training, and the teaching of biomedical technicians. Students and researchers can use the tools for understanding and being more confident on such complex and hazardous issue, without having to immediately study on the standards, while keeping them as reference for a more detailed illustration.
Un ospedale è caratterizzato da una complessa struttura organizzativa. Tutte le figure coinvolte svolgono ruoli fondamentali nell’utilizzare le risorse disponibili (economiche, tecnologiche, informative etc.) per fornire servizi medici ai pazienti. All’interno della struttura organizzativa, esiste una particolare sezione di professionisti che costituisce il servizio di Ingegneria Clinica. Il loro obiettivo principale non è quello di fornire direttamente l’assistenza in termini di terapie, cure o diagnostica, ma consiste nel sostenere il personale clinico con essenziali servizi accessori di gestione delle tecnologie sanitarie. In ospedale, una delle più importanti cause di rischio per i pazienti è l'elettroshock, che può avvenire quando il corpo umano entra in contatto con un'apparecchiatura medicale difettosa. Durante il contatto, diretto o indiretto, una corrente elettrica fluisce attraverso il corpo umano causando potenzialmente gravi danni come interruzione della respirazione, fibrillazione ventricolare, ustioni tissutali. Per prevenirlo, il protocollo di gestione del rischio, eseguito dagli ingegneri clinici richiede di eseguire test di sicurezza elettrica sui dispositivi che utilizzano e conducono energia elettrica in normali condizioni di lavoro. Uno dei due obiettivi di questa tesi è lo sviluppo di un modello di servizio di Ingegneria Clinica in cui identificare gli attori e le unità coinvolte nelle specifiche attività necessarie per la gestione delle tecnologie sanitarie. L'altro obiettivo è la produzione di e-Learning tools per test di sicurezza elettrica di dispositivi medici. Per raggiungere il primo obiettivo, è possibile creare un modello utilizzando un metodo induttivo ed esaminando l'intera struttura organizzativa del dipartimento, facendo l’analisi e la valutazione dei compiti e delle interazioni tra le unità di lavoro. Un’iniziale analisi della letteratura di fonti accademiche e istituzionali aiuta a contestualizzare e definire il processo di gestione delle tecnologie mediche eseguito dal servizio di ingegneria clinica all'interno dell'ospedale. Un'indagine sul campo durante l’affiancamento dei professionisti del dipartimento, con incontri e interviste non strutturate, ha permesso una comprensione più profonda delle dinamiche, dei compiti, e dei ruoli di ciascuno all'interno del reparto. Queste interazioni, insieme alle informazioni primarie provenienti da documenti interni e forniti dall’ospedale, permettono la raccolta di informazioni soggettive, più complete e dettagliate. La generalizzazione e schematizzazione delle informazioni raccolte ha permesso la creazione del modello teorico della struttura organizzativa di un complesso dipartimento di ingegneria clinica. Invece, per raggiungere il secondo obiettivo sono stati studiati standard internazionali, normative italiane, linee guida inglesi, e manuali del tester di sicurezza elettrica. In seguito, sono stati seguiti e implementati protocolli per la sicurezza elettrica, l'ispezione e i test sulle apparecchiature mediche, come elettrocardiogramma, monitor di segnali vitali, concentratore di ossigeno. I materiali didattici test di sicurezza elettrica per dispositivi medici sono stati prodotti come strumenti di e-Learning e strutturati come una combinazione di video, realizzati presso il laboratorio dell'Università, e di un manuale. Questi, sono stati poi esaminati da alcuni dei professionisti del dipartimento di ingegneria clinica del Nottingham University Hospital. Il metodo induttivo e la soggettività di interviste qualitative utilizzati non sono garanzia del rigore e nella generalizzazione del modello, ma proprio grazie a questa soggettività è stato anche possibile ottenere una visione più accurata e una migliore comprensione delle dinamiche dell’organizzazione del dipartimento. Gli strumenti di e-Learning prodotti potranno essere proposti come supporto per alcuni professionisti di tali dipartimenti, in particolare, potrebbe essere utile a supportare la progettazione, la pianificazione, l'installazione e la messa in servizio di dispositivi medici. Un'applicazione più importante potrebbe essere nel campo della gestione del rischio di sicurezza elettrica dei dispositivi medici. In questo processo, al fine di garantire la gestione delle attrezzature in armonia con l'ottimizzazione delle cure per i pazienti, è necessario un dialogo continuo tra ingegneri clinici e diverse altre figure come medici, infermieri, tecnici specializzati e aziende fornitrici esterne. Un'altra applicazione degli e-Learning tools è come riferimento e supporto durante la manutenzione quotidiana dei dispositivi, da usare per la formazione e l’aggiornamento dei tecnici biomedici. Anche studenti e ricercatori possono utilizzare gli strumenti di e-Learning per comprendere e migliorare la sicurezza su una questione così complessa e pericolosa, come la sicurezza elettrica, senza dover studiare gli standard immediatamente, mantenendoli però come riferimento per un'illustrazione più dettagliata.
Analysis of a hospital clinical engineering service and development of e-learning tools for electrical safety of medical devices
VON MORGEN, EDOARDO
2019/2020
Abstract
The Hospital is characterized by a complex organisation structure. All the actors involved play fundamental roles processing the resources available (e.g. economical, technological, information) in order to utilise these to provide healthcare services for patients. Within the hospital, there is a particular team of professionals, constituting the department of Clinical Engineering, whose main goal is not to directly provide the Profile of care in terms of therapies, cures, or diagnostics, but it consists in supporting clinical staff with ancillary services of management of health technologies. Inside an hospital, one of the most important sources of harm for patients is the electro-shock. It can happen when the human body gets in contact with a medical equipment. When a direct or indirect hazardous contact happens, an electrical current flow through the human body, potentially causing serious hazards such as interruption of respiration, ventricular fibrillation, tissue burns. In order to prevent electro-shock, risk management process requires to perform electrical safety testing on the devices that utilise and conduct electrical power under normal working conditions. One main goal of this thesis is the development of a model of a Clinical Engineering Service, in which it is possible to identify the actors and units involved in all the specific activities necessary in the Health Care Management. The other objective is the production of e-Learning tools on the Electrical Safety Testing for medical devices. In order to obtain the first objective, an organisation case study is performed. Examining the whole structure of the department organisation and evaluating the fundamental tasks and interactions of its working units, is possible to create a model using an inductive method. An initial literature analysis of academic and institutional sources helps to contextualise and define the process of Health Technology Management performed by the clinical engineers within the hospital setting. An investigation on field through shadowing, meetings, and non-structured interviews with professionals of the department enables a deeper understanding of dynamics, tasks, and roles within the department. These interactions, alongside primary information from internal documents, provides the research of subjective, but more complete and detailed information. Generalising and schematising all the information gathered, permits the creation of the theoretical model of the organisational structure of a complex clinical engineering service. In order to reach the second goal, international standards, Italian regulations, English guidance notes, and user manuals of the electrical safety analyser were studied. Then, protocols for electrical safety, inspection, and testing are followed and implemented on medical equipment, such as electrocardiograph, patient monitor, oxygen concentrator. Didactic materials on the medical devices Electrical Safety Testing are produced as e-Learning tools and structured as a combination of videos, taken at the University laboratory, and a booklet. The e-Learning tools are reviewed by professionals of the Clinical Engineering department at Nottingham University Hospital. Through an inductive methodology, in which the subjectivity of qualitative interviews determined the poorer rigorousness and generalisability of the model, it is possible to achieve a deeper insight and better conceptualization of the dynamics of the Health Technology Management organisation. The e-Learning tools could be proposed as support for some professionals of such organisation. In particular, they can be useful in the design, the planning, the installation, and the commissioning of medical devices. However, one major application would be in the field of risk management and governance of medical devices electrical safety. In this case, in order to ensure the management of equipment in harmony with the optimisation of patients’ outcomes, a fluid dialogue is needed between clinical engineers and several other clinical figures such as doctors, nurses, specialized technicians, and external biomedical companies. Another important application of the e-Learning tools is the support as reference during the daily servicing of devices, the training, and the teaching of biomedical technicians. Students and researchers can use the tools for understanding and being more confident on such complex and hazardous issue, without having to immediately study on the standards, while keeping them as reference for a more detailed illustration.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/165022