Introduction: in teams sports as football, the most severe and frequent non-contact injuries are related to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), especially during change of directions (CoD). Women seem to be among the more inclined to this kind of accidents, with an incidence that comes up to three times respect the men. As the players are fatigued, the risk of injury in that joint district is greater, and it is essential to assess their relationship to the change in the kinematic and physiological parameters during the execution of high-intensity motor gestures, such as changes in direction. Purpose of the study: the aim of the study is to understand the mechanisms by which fatigue produces changes in the level of the biomechanics of movement during the execution of changes of direction (leading to the injury of the cruciate ligament) on a sample of high-level players, in order to be able to draw valuable information about the drafting of programs to be used in the application field, especially related to prevention. Materials and methods: 19 women football players practicing in Serie A, B and C (range 20-30 years) were evaluated. After the application of markers in the anatomical landmarks, a short warm-up was performed before taking the shuttle test on the distance of 5 meters with direction changes at 180 degrees (sidestep cut) to 70% of the VAM (maximum aerobic speed) lasting up to 5 minutes, or until exhaustion. Subsequently, through a motion analysis system the acquisition of the gesture was obtained and, through the use of Visual 3D software, lower limbs joints angular kinematics was extracted. Statistical analysis on time series was conducted using Statistical Parametric Mapping. Results: results of angular changes in hip, knee and ankle in the stance phase were analyzed in all participants. From these it was possible to observe the presence of trends in the specific movement. In the weight acceptance phase, a clear trend was found in the decrease in hip and knee flexion and increased hip adduction, while an undefined trend was found in the increase of dorsiflexion and external rotation in the ankle. With regard to the internal/external rotation of the hip, knee abduction/adduction and ankle inversion/eversion, no consistent behaviour was found. Discussion: data analysis shows that fatigue during testing induces changes in the lower limbs joint kinematics in a sample of high-level female players, in line with those identified in previous studies of the male counterpart. In particular, hip and knee flexion associated with increasing cardio-circulatory demand during sense changes leads to increased cutting effort on the ACL, representing an important risk factor. Fatigue monitoring is a valuable tool for the prevention of debilitating injuries such as the rupture of the ACL. Conclusion: the results showed the trend of the pivoting limb during the motor task to the reduction of hip and knee flex angles and the increase in hip adduction. As these are considered as risk factors potentially increasing the likelihood of non-contact injuries (especially on the LCA), it can be concluded that muscle fatigue plays a key role in triggering a sequence of adaptations that expose female players to an increasing risk of anterior cruciate ligament rupture. At the same time, the results show subject-specific behaviour, encouraging the development of individualized work of understanding and correlation of each player's neuromuscular and/or postural deficits. It is clear that studies of biomechanics in sport, in this case specific to women's football, can lead to results that have an immediate practical fallout, and consequently to the optimization of the technical gesture now indispensable in high-quality sports performance and the reduction of injuries. Further studies are needed to unravel the whole mechanisms that lead to non-contact injuries, considering both the technical gesture and the metabolic condition of fatigue, allowing the development of prevention programs and targeted neuromuscular training.
Introduzione: in uno sport di squadra come il calcio, i più gravi e frequenti infortuni da non contatto interessano il legamento crociato anteriore (LCA), soprattutto durante cambi di direzione (CoD). Le donne sembrano essere tra i soggetti più inclini a tali infortuni, con un’incidenza che arriva fino a tre volte rispetto alla popolazione maschile. Siccome in condizione di affaticamento risulta essere maggiore l’aumento del rischio di infortunio in tale distretto articolare, è essenziale valutarne la relazione con la variazione dei parametri cinematici e fisiologici durante l’esecuzione di gesti motori ad alta intensità, come i cambi di direzione. Obiettivo dello studio: comprendere i meccanismi attraverso i quali l’affaticamento produce, su un campione di giocatrici di alto livello, modificazioni a livello della cinematica del movimento durante l’esecuzione di cambi di direzione (portando all’infortunio del legamento crociato) per poter trarne preziose informazioni riguardo la stesura di programmi da utilizzare in campo applicativo, soprattutto relativamente alla prevenzione. Materiali e metodi: sono state valutate 19 ragazze praticanti calcio in Serie A, B e C (range 20-30 anni). Dopo il posizionamento dei marcatori nei punti di repere anatomici, è stato eseguito un breve riscaldamento in preparazione al test che consiste in una prova a navetta sulla distanza di 5 metri con cambi di direzione a 180° (sidestep cut) al 70% della VAM (Velocità aerobica massima) della durata di massimo 5 minuti, o fino ad esaurimento. Successivamente, tramite un sistema di analisi del movimento si è ottenuta l’acquisizione del gesto e, tramite l’utilizzo del software Visual 3D, sono stati estratti gli angoli cinematici delle articolazioni di interesse. Le serie temporali sono state quindi analizzate mediante Statistical Parametric Mapping. Risultati: sono stati analizzati i risultati relativi alle variazioni angolari riscontrate a livello di anca, ginocchio e caviglia nella fase di stance in tutte le partecipanti. Da questi è stato possibile osservare la presenza o meno di trend nello specifico movimento. Nella fase di accettazione del carico è stato trovato un trend netto nella diminuzione della flessione in anca e ginocchio e nell’aumento dell’adduzione nell’anca, mentre è stato trovato un trend poco definito nell’aumento della dorsiflessione e della rotazione esterna nella caviglia. Per quanto riguarda la rotazione interna/esterna dell’anca, l’abdo/adduzione del ginocchio e l’inversione/eversione della caviglia non sono stati trovati comportamenti coerenti. Discussione: dall’analisi dei dati risulta che l’affaticamento durante il test induce variazioni nella cinematica articolare degli arti inferiori in un campione di giocatrici d’alto livello, in linea con quelle identificate in studi precedenti sulla controparte maschile. In particolare, la flessione di anca e ginocchio, associate con una sempre maggiore richiesta cardio-circolatoria durante i cambi di senso, comporta l’aumento del carico sul LCA, rappresentando un fattore di rischio potenzialmente dannoso. Il monitoraggio della fatica si conferma un valido strumento per la prevenzione di infortuni debilitanti come la rottura del LCA. Conclusione: dai risultati ottenuti è stata riscontrata la tendenza nell’arto che funge da perno durante il task motorio alla riduzione degli angoli di flessione di anca e ginocchio ed all’aumento dell’adduzione dell’anca. Essendo questi fattori di rischio che aumentano la probabilità di infortuni da non contatto (soprattutto a carico del LCA) si può concludere che l’affaticamento muscolare giochi un ruolo fondamentale nell’innescare una sequenza di aggiustamenti corporei che rendono le giocatrici maggiormente esposte al rischio di rottura del LCA. Allo stesso tempo, i risultati ottenuti sono influenzati da un comportamento soggetto-specifico e spronano allo sviluppo di lavori individualizzati di comprensione e correlazione dei deficit neuromuscolari e/o posturali di ogni giocatrice. Risulta evidente che studi della biomeccanica applicata allo sport, in questo caso specifico al calcio femminile, possono portare a risultati che hanno un’immediata ricaduta pratica, e di conseguenza all’ottimizzazione del gesto tecnico, ormai indispensabile nella prestazione sportiva di alto profilo qualitativo, e alla riduzione delle lesioni. Per poterlo fare al meglio, sono necessari ulteriori approfondimenti riguardo ai meccanismi che portano agli infortuni da non contatto, considerando sia la parte relativa al gesto tecnico sia la condizione metabolica di affaticamento che si crea durante l’esecuzione dello stesso, permettendo lo sviluppo di programmi di prevenzione e di allenamenti neuromuscolari mirati.
Influenza della fatica sulla cinematica articolare durante i cambi di direzione in calciatrici elite
SALAORNI, FRANCESCA
2019/2020
Abstract
Introduction: in teams sports as football, the most severe and frequent non-contact injuries are related to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), especially during change of directions (CoD). Women seem to be among the more inclined to this kind of accidents, with an incidence that comes up to three times respect the men. As the players are fatigued, the risk of injury in that joint district is greater, and it is essential to assess their relationship to the change in the kinematic and physiological parameters during the execution of high-intensity motor gestures, such as changes in direction. Purpose of the study: the aim of the study is to understand the mechanisms by which fatigue produces changes in the level of the biomechanics of movement during the execution of changes of direction (leading to the injury of the cruciate ligament) on a sample of high-level players, in order to be able to draw valuable information about the drafting of programs to be used in the application field, especially related to prevention. Materials and methods: 19 women football players practicing in Serie A, B and C (range 20-30 years) were evaluated. After the application of markers in the anatomical landmarks, a short warm-up was performed before taking the shuttle test on the distance of 5 meters with direction changes at 180 degrees (sidestep cut) to 70% of the VAM (maximum aerobic speed) lasting up to 5 minutes, or until exhaustion. Subsequently, through a motion analysis system the acquisition of the gesture was obtained and, through the use of Visual 3D software, lower limbs joints angular kinematics was extracted. Statistical analysis on time series was conducted using Statistical Parametric Mapping. Results: results of angular changes in hip, knee and ankle in the stance phase were analyzed in all participants. From these it was possible to observe the presence of trends in the specific movement. In the weight acceptance phase, a clear trend was found in the decrease in hip and knee flexion and increased hip adduction, while an undefined trend was found in the increase of dorsiflexion and external rotation in the ankle. With regard to the internal/external rotation of the hip, knee abduction/adduction and ankle inversion/eversion, no consistent behaviour was found. Discussion: data analysis shows that fatigue during testing induces changes in the lower limbs joint kinematics in a sample of high-level female players, in line with those identified in previous studies of the male counterpart. In particular, hip and knee flexion associated with increasing cardio-circulatory demand during sense changes leads to increased cutting effort on the ACL, representing an important risk factor. Fatigue monitoring is a valuable tool for the prevention of debilitating injuries such as the rupture of the ACL. Conclusion: the results showed the trend of the pivoting limb during the motor task to the reduction of hip and knee flex angles and the increase in hip adduction. As these are considered as risk factors potentially increasing the likelihood of non-contact injuries (especially on the LCA), it can be concluded that muscle fatigue plays a key role in triggering a sequence of adaptations that expose female players to an increasing risk of anterior cruciate ligament rupture. At the same time, the results show subject-specific behaviour, encouraging the development of individualized work of understanding and correlation of each player's neuromuscular and/or postural deficits. It is clear that studies of biomechanics in sport, in this case specific to women's football, can lead to results that have an immediate practical fallout, and consequently to the optimization of the technical gesture now indispensable in high-quality sports performance and the reduction of injuries. Further studies are needed to unravel the whole mechanisms that lead to non-contact injuries, considering both the technical gesture and the metabolic condition of fatigue, allowing the development of prevention programs and targeted neuromuscular training.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
TESI_Salaorni.pdf
accessibile in internet per tutti
Descrizione: testo della tesi
Dimensione
43.82 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
43.82 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in POLITesi sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/10589/165316