Sustainability is an extremely ongoing topic that, in the last years, has gained a constantly growing attention since awareness of its pervasive nature got reinforced and it made sustainability a concern for the public attention as well as for every actor belonging to the economic and financial landscape involving regulators, investors and firms. In addition, another reason explaining why sustainability has been under the magnifying glass is the change of meaning this concept is undergoing. Ensuring the sustainability of a business, that means implementing all the actions required in order to guarantee the company’s survival in the long run, has been historically related only to financial stability and economic profitability; conversely, nowadays, it is globally agreed that environmental, social and governance sustainability contribute, together with the financial one, to the creation of long-lasting companies. The change in the underlying factors behind the concept of sustainability has driven the attention and efforts of corporations and institutions towards new objectives that are now extensively referred to as ESG, a well renown label that is the acronym for the three fundamental pillars at the base of it: E stands for Environmental, S for Social and G for Governance. This term was first used in the report “Who cares win” by Ivo Knoepfel (founder and managing director at the investment consulting firm OnValues) during a landmark conference held in August 2005 in Zurich, Switzerland, by the UN Global Compact, the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs Switzerland and International Finance Corporation. The acronym ESG has been created to finally name and group all those issues and opportunities coming from the above-mentioned areas, that have always been implicitly intertwined with the business and operativity of the companies. Investors well-welcomed the new category of ESG investments and they are progressively adapting to a sustainable oriented attitude. Europe can be considered as the most active in the sector with 14,000 billion dollars invested in sustainability, accounting for the 50% of the overall amount invested worldwide. Our country appears to be quite aligned to the average performances of the Old Continent and it is slowly becoming aware of risks and opportunities related to the upcoming ESG movement. Even if markets have shown great interest and consideration for sustainable oriented behaviours, they also ask for precise data, numbers, information and reports certifying and proofing real and concrete commitment in order to identify promising investment opportunities. For firms and corporations these requests are difficult to be fulfilled in an exhaustive way as ESG factors are usually qualitative, not readily quantifiable in monetary terms and they deal with externalities not easily captured by market mechanisms; additionally, all these criticalities are amplified by the lack of a common and well defined regulatory framework and by the absence of sustainable reporting guidelines. Having done this premise, it is possible to infer that sustainability is a demanding strategy to be implemented as it requires time and resources in order to collect and process ESG information, to monitor results over time and to set future goals and targets thus creating a long term integrated strategy. The challenge posed by sustainability is directed to all firms in every sector in every country but it is reasonable to state that big firms, having more external visibility and more internal resources, are able to address and exploit the ESG trend in a more prompt way; on the contrary, small and medium enterprises are not catching up the opportunity provided by sustainability yet, either because they have limited time and resources to be devoted to sustainable reporting or because they do not attract the attention of rating agencies that could validate their efforts with an ESG rating. This unbalanced situation drew our attention since, in order to spread and establish sustainable-prone strategies that allow to reach results qualitatively and quantitatively relevant, it is of paramount importance to involve also SMEs; furthermore, this holds true even more for Italy where small and medium enterprises are the backbone of the economical and industrial landscape. The centrality of this topic drove us in developing our master thesis project, that consists in the ideation and creation of a tool able to provide Italian SMEs with an evaluation of their ESG performances. As a matter of fact, the market has experienced a considerable flourishing of ESG ratings and self-assessments but most of them are structured in a way that is suitable only for large, international or listed companies, neglecting local and smaller enterprises; consequently, the specific segment we addressed was not covered by any dedicated ESG evaluation. Our work started with a deep and accurate analysis of the existing literature about ESG topics and the main results and insights are explained in the second chapter; in detail, while investigating the ESG universe, we concentrated our attention on three domains that we considered useful for the objective of our project. Firstly, we reviewed the sphere of ESG ratings that are highly requested from the market but, at the moment, there is not enough experience to prefer one set of evaluation guidelines compared to others and this explains the absence of consolidated and shared practices. The presence of different frameworks makes the comparability of sustainable performances difficult and opens up the way to opportunistic behaviours like greenwashing. Secondly, we analyzed the impact of ESG initiatives on the performances of companies distinguishing between access to financing, financial performances and non-financial ones. Lastly, we carefully reviewed literature focusing on the target of our project, namely SMEs, and their relationship with sustainability. This research work flew into the process of ideation and practical creation of the tool, which is described in detail the third chapter: our instrument, that is aimed at providing SMEs with the capability of autonomously assessing their ESG performances in an easy and quick manner, took inspiration from pre-existing rating systems and self-assessments notably provided to large corporations by international regulators and important independent institutions. Our ESG Self-Assessment results from the adaptation and the actualization of the topic to the sphere of Italian small businesses, taking into account both the recent market turmoil (diffusion of COVID-19 pandemic) and the specificities of this particular type of companies and the of our country. Subsequently, the final sample selected, made up by 99 questions, has been differentiated in order to create questionnaires specific for each ATECO code. The assignment of the questions to the industrial categories has been obtained by cross referencing the SASB Materiality Map, the GICS industry standards and the Italian adaptation of the NACE industry classification: in detail, after having aligned GICS standards and the ATECO classification, the questions have been linked to the 26 categories of the Materiality Map and these last ones have been assigned to each ATECO code according to the materiality principle. The result consists in the realization of 33 industry-specific self-assessments whose length and duration are variable depending on the ATECO code since the number of materially relevant categories prescribed by the Materiality Map can change and it is industry-dependent. However, all the questionnaires last on average 15 minutes and they all share the main structure, presenting 3 sections: screening questions, ESG specific questions and a final score, supported with standardized scoring-related feedback. Among a list of commonly used survey providers, the software selected for the implementation of our ESG self-assessment tool is Qualtrics CoreXM, which has been chosen because of its high reliability and for the customization offered in both the visual and programming part: as a matter of fact, the latter functionality was essential in order to differentiate questionnaires and create the underlying system of scorings and respective feedbacks. The tool created exploits an easy and user-friendly interface, and the successful digital implementation of this instrument has led to the launch of a preliminary beta testing among the companies associated with ANIMA (Federazione delle Associazioni Nazionali dell'Industria Meccanica Varia ed Affine). All the companies that took part to the beta testing, upon completion of the questionnaire, have received a score and a standardized feedback as a first evaluation of their performances in absolute terms; after the conclusion of the testing phase, each participant company has been provided with a benchmarking report, in which the firm has the possibility to observe its positioning among the enterprises that participated to the project and have the same ATECO code. The answers collected have allowed us to develop some statistical analysis in order to have aggregate indicators that can provide useful insights on the general trend of the considered ATECO code. In particular, in the fourth chapter, the sustainable performances of the companies having ATECO code CK - “Fabbricazione di macchinari e apparecchi n.c.a.”- are presented as illustrative example. The results achieved by the companies are to be considered as the starting point for SMEs to build a successful and profitable sustainability oriented corporate strategy. This final target is our main goal as we would like to help the companies that represent the solid base of our economy to reduce risk and the cost of accessing capital and better fulfil the new needs of customers and employees, as the world is now driving towards a more responsible, socially and environmentally aware future.
La sostenibilità è un tema estremamente popolare che, nell’ultimo periodo, ha acquisito una sempre maggiore attenzione grazie all’aumento della consapevolezza della sua pervasività, non limitata agli aspetti non finanziari dell’impresa. Per questa ragione, la sostenibilità è diventata una problematica fondamentale per ogni attore appartenente al contesto economico e finanziario, interessando enti governativi, investitori e aziende. Inoltre, un’altra motivazione che sembra esplicare la crescente importanza di questa tematica si può far ricondurre al cambio di significato al quale il concetto di “sostenibilità” sta andando incontro. Assicurare la sostenibilità del business, intendendo con questa espressione l’implementazione delle azioni necessarie al fine di garantire la sopravvivenza dell’azienda nel lungo periodo, è stata storicamente collegata alla stabilità finanziaria e alla profittabilità economica; al contrario, al giorno d’oggi, viene universalmente riconosciuto il contributo delle performance ambientali, sociali e di governance, insieme a quelle finanziarie, per la creazione di società capaci di creare valore in maniera duratura. Il cambiamento dei fattori principali alla base del concetto di sostenibilità ha fatto sì che l’attenzione e gli sforzi di aziende e istituzioni si orientassero verso nuovi obiettivi, ai quali si fa ora riferimento con la sigla ESG, acronimo ormai ben noto che raggruppa i 3 pilastri fondamentali alla base di questo tema: E - Environmental (Ambiente), S - Social (Società) e G - Governance. Questo termine è stato utilizzato per la prima volta nel report “Who cares win” di Ivo Knoepfel (fondatore e amministratore delegato della società di consulenza per investimenti OnValues) e descritto durante una emblematica conferenza tenutasi nell’Agosto 2005 a Zurigo, Svizzera, e organizzata dall’UN Global Compact, dal Dipartimento Federale degli Affari Esteri della Svizzera e dall’International Finance Corporation. L’abbreviazione è stata coniata per dare un nome e raccogliere tutte le problematiche e le opportunità legate alle aree di sviluppo menzionate sopra, le quali sono da sempre state implicitamente connesse con il business e con l’operatività delle aziende. Gli investitori sembrano aver accolto positivamente la nuova categoria di investimenti ESG e si stanno progressivamente adattando ad un approccio di investimento orientato alla sostenibilità. L’Europa può essere considerata il territorio più attivo nel settore con 14,000 miliardi di dollari investiti nella sostenibilità, rappresentando il 50% del totale degli investimenti globali in questo ambito; il nostro Paese risulta essere abbastanza in linea con i valori del Vecchio Continente e si sta lentamente responsabilizzando riguardo i rischi e le opportunità legate al movimento ESG. Nonostante i mercati stiano mostrando grande interesse e considerazione per i comportamenti sostenibili, essi richiedono dati precisi, numeri, informazioni e report che certificano e provano un interesse reale e concreto per il tema al fine di identificare promettenti opportunità di investimento. Per le aziende queste richieste possono tuttavia risultare difficili da reperire in maniera esaustiva, considerando che i fattori ESG sono molto spesso qualitativi e non direttamente quantificabili in termini monetari; inoltre essi sono legati ad esternalità difficilmente catturate dai meccanismi di mercato. In aggiunta a ciò, queste criticità sono amplificate dalla mancanza di un framework legislativo comune e ben definito e di linee guida legate al reporting sostenibile. Avendo fatto questa premessa, appare evidente l’onerosità legata all’implementazione di una strategia aziendale sostenibile, che comporta l’utilizzo di tempo e risorse per poter raccogliere e processare informazioni, monitorare i risultati nel tempo e stabilire obiettivi futuri atti a creare una strategia integrata per il lungo periodo. La sfida posta dal tema della sostenibilità è diretta a tutte le aziende, in tutti i settori e in ogni nazione ma è ragionevole credere che le grandi società, avendo più visibilità sul contesto esterno e più risorse interne, possano più facilmente identificare e sfruttare il trend ESG in maniera più efficace; al contrario, le piccole e medie imprese risultano essere un passo indietro, sia a causa della quantità limitata di risorse e tempo da destinare al reporting sostenibile, sia per la loro difficoltà nell’attrarre l’attenzione delle grandi agenzie di rating, le quali potrebbero validare gli sforzi di queste imprese con un rating ESG. Questa imparità ha catturato la nostra attenzione poiché è fondamentale includere le PMI per poter efficacemente diffondere e stabilire strategie aziendali orientate verso il tema della sostenibilità che permettano di raggiungere risultati qualitativamente e quantitativamente rilevanti; questa considerazione risulta ancor più veritiera in Italia, dove le piccole e medie imprese rappresentano una gran parte del tessuto economico nazionale. La centralità di questa tematica ci ha spinti a sviluppare il nostro progetto di tesi nell’ambito della conclusione dei nostri studi magistrali; esso consiste nell’ideazione e nella creazione di uno strumento in grado di fornire alle PMI italiane una valutazione delle proprie performance ESG. Effettivamente, sul mercato si sta osservando un considerevole incremento della diffusione di ratings e strumenti di autovalutazione sul tema ESG ma la maggior parte di questi risulta essere strutturato in modo tale da essere compatibile solo con imprese grandi, internazionali e quotate, trascurando le piccole imprese locali; conseguentemente, il segmento al quale intendiamo rivolgerci con questo lavoro risulta non essere coperto da alcun sistema di valutazione. La nostra ricerca ha avuto inizio con un’analisi accurata e particolareggiata della letteratura esistente riguardante le tematiche ESG e i risultati e le osservazioni derivanti da questo studio sono spiegati nel dettaglio nel secondo capitolo; specificamente nell’investigazione dell’universo ESG, abbiamo concentrato la nostra attenzione su 3 filoni di analisi considerati utili per il raggiungimento degli obiettivi del nostro progetto. In primo luogo, abbiamo esaminato i sistemi di ESG rating preesistenti: molto richiesti dal mercato, al momento non vi è tuttavia abbastanza esperienza per poter discernere un modello di linee guida da un altro e conseguentemente emerge l’assenza di pratiche condivise e consolidate. La presenza di diversi frameworks rende la comparazione delle performance di sostenibilità estremamente difficoltosa e favorisce indirettamente comportamenti opportunistici, quali ad esempio le pratiche di greenwashing. Successivamente, abbiamo valutato gli effetti delle iniziative ESG sulle performance aziendali, distinguendo l’impatto sull’accesso al capitale, sulle performance finanziarie e su quelle non finanziarie. Infine, abbiamo passato in rassegna la letteratura preesistente concentrandoci sul target del nostro progetto, le PMI, e sulla loro relazione con la sostenibilità. Il nostro lavoro di ricerca è confluito nel processo di ideazione e creazione effettiva del tool che viene descritto nel dettaglio nel terzo capitolo: il nostro strumento, finalizzato a fornire alle PMI la capacità di misurare autonomamente le proprie performance ESG in modo semplice e rapido, prende ispirazione dai sistemi di rating e dagli strumenti di autovalutazione preesistenti notoriamente forniti alle grandi aziende dagli enti regolatori internazionali e da importanti istituzioni indipendenti. Il nostro ESG Self-Assessment è il risultato dell’adattamento e dell’attualizzazione del tema alla sfera delle PMI italiane, tenendo in considerazione i recenti sconvolgimenti del mercato (diffusione della pandemia di COVID-19) e delle specificità di questo particolare tipo di imprese e del nostro Paese. Successivamente, il campione finale selezionato, contenente 99 domande, è stato differenziato in modo tale da creare questionari specifici per ogni codice ATECO. L’assegnazione delle domande alle industrie è stata ottenuta incrociando la Materiality Map di SASB, gli standard di classificazione delle industries di GICS e l’adattamento italiano della classificazione delle industries NACE: nel dettaglio, dopo avere allineato gli standard GICS e la classificazione ATECO, le domande sono state collegate alle 26 categorie della Materiality Map e queste ultime sono state assegnate a ogni codice ATECO in base al principio della materialità. Il risultato finale consiste nella realizzazione di 33 questionari specifici per ogni industria la cui lunghezza e durata variano in base al codice ATECO poiché il numero di categorie materialmente rilevanti prescritto dalla Materiality Map varia a seconda dell’industria considerata. Tuttavia, tutti i questionari hanno un tempo medio di compilazione di 15 minuti e condividono tutti la stessa struttura articolata in 3 sezioni: domande di screening, domande relative alle performance ESG e un punteggio finale, supportato da un feedback ad esso collegato e standardizzato. Tra i programmi disponibili e comunemente utilizzati per la realizzazione di sondaggi, il software selezionato per l’implementazione del nostro strumento di autovalutazione delle perfomance ESG è Qualtrics CoreXM, il quale è stato scelto per la sua elevata affidabilità e per la possibilità di customizzare sia la parte visuale che la parte di programmazione: infatti, la seconda funzionalità presentata era essenziale per poter differenziare i questionari e creare il sottostante sistema di punteggi con i relativi feedbacks. Lo strumento creato sfrutta un’interfaccia user-friendly di facile all’utilizzo e ha reso l’implementazione digitale su questo strumento efficace permettendoci il lancio di un beta testing rivolto alle aziende associate con ANIMA (Federazione delle Associazioni Nazionali dell'Industria Meccanica Varia ed Affine).Tutte le aziende che hanno partecipato al beta testing, al completamento del questionario, hanno ricevuto un punteggio e un feedback ad esso collegato riguardo le performance ESG dell’azienda in termini assoluti; al termine della fase di testing, ogni partecipante ha poi ricevuto un benchmarking report, in cui la società ha la possibilità di osservare il proprio posizionamento tra le aziende che hanno partecipato al progetto e aventi lo stesso codice ATECO; Le risposte raccolte ci hanno permesso di sviluppare alcune analisi statistiche per ottenere indicatori aggregati in grado di fornire spunti utili sul trend generale del codice ATECO considerato. In particolare, all’interno del quarto capitolo, sono state riportate le performance delle aziende aventi codice ATECO CK- “Fabbricazione di macchinari e apparecchi n.c.a.”- a titolo esemplificativo. I risultati raggiunti dalle aziende sono da considerarsi come il punto di partenza per le PMI per costruire una strategia aziendale orientata alla sostenibilità che sia di successo e profittevole. Il nostro principale obiettivo è, infatti, aiutare le aziende che rappresentano la solida base della nostra economia a ridurre il rischio e il costo dell’accesso al capitale e a meglio soddisfare i nuovi bisogni di clienti ed impiegati, tenendo conto del fatto che il mondo si sta muovendo ora verso un futuro più responsabile e consapevole circa le problematiche sociali e ambientali.
Bringing sustainability to small firms : a new ESG self-assessment and benchmarking test for SMEs
CICIRIELLO, ALESSANDRO;BELLANI, VERONICA
2019/2020
Abstract
Sustainability is an extremely ongoing topic that, in the last years, has gained a constantly growing attention since awareness of its pervasive nature got reinforced and it made sustainability a concern for the public attention as well as for every actor belonging to the economic and financial landscape involving regulators, investors and firms. In addition, another reason explaining why sustainability has been under the magnifying glass is the change of meaning this concept is undergoing. Ensuring the sustainability of a business, that means implementing all the actions required in order to guarantee the company’s survival in the long run, has been historically related only to financial stability and economic profitability; conversely, nowadays, it is globally agreed that environmental, social and governance sustainability contribute, together with the financial one, to the creation of long-lasting companies. The change in the underlying factors behind the concept of sustainability has driven the attention and efforts of corporations and institutions towards new objectives that are now extensively referred to as ESG, a well renown label that is the acronym for the three fundamental pillars at the base of it: E stands for Environmental, S for Social and G for Governance. This term was first used in the report “Who cares win” by Ivo Knoepfel (founder and managing director at the investment consulting firm OnValues) during a landmark conference held in August 2005 in Zurich, Switzerland, by the UN Global Compact, the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs Switzerland and International Finance Corporation. The acronym ESG has been created to finally name and group all those issues and opportunities coming from the above-mentioned areas, that have always been implicitly intertwined with the business and operativity of the companies. Investors well-welcomed the new category of ESG investments and they are progressively adapting to a sustainable oriented attitude. Europe can be considered as the most active in the sector with 14,000 billion dollars invested in sustainability, accounting for the 50% of the overall amount invested worldwide. Our country appears to be quite aligned to the average performances of the Old Continent and it is slowly becoming aware of risks and opportunities related to the upcoming ESG movement. Even if markets have shown great interest and consideration for sustainable oriented behaviours, they also ask for precise data, numbers, information and reports certifying and proofing real and concrete commitment in order to identify promising investment opportunities. For firms and corporations these requests are difficult to be fulfilled in an exhaustive way as ESG factors are usually qualitative, not readily quantifiable in monetary terms and they deal with externalities not easily captured by market mechanisms; additionally, all these criticalities are amplified by the lack of a common and well defined regulatory framework and by the absence of sustainable reporting guidelines. Having done this premise, it is possible to infer that sustainability is a demanding strategy to be implemented as it requires time and resources in order to collect and process ESG information, to monitor results over time and to set future goals and targets thus creating a long term integrated strategy. The challenge posed by sustainability is directed to all firms in every sector in every country but it is reasonable to state that big firms, having more external visibility and more internal resources, are able to address and exploit the ESG trend in a more prompt way; on the contrary, small and medium enterprises are not catching up the opportunity provided by sustainability yet, either because they have limited time and resources to be devoted to sustainable reporting or because they do not attract the attention of rating agencies that could validate their efforts with an ESG rating. This unbalanced situation drew our attention since, in order to spread and establish sustainable-prone strategies that allow to reach results qualitatively and quantitatively relevant, it is of paramount importance to involve also SMEs; furthermore, this holds true even more for Italy where small and medium enterprises are the backbone of the economical and industrial landscape. The centrality of this topic drove us in developing our master thesis project, that consists in the ideation and creation of a tool able to provide Italian SMEs with an evaluation of their ESG performances. As a matter of fact, the market has experienced a considerable flourishing of ESG ratings and self-assessments but most of them are structured in a way that is suitable only for large, international or listed companies, neglecting local and smaller enterprises; consequently, the specific segment we addressed was not covered by any dedicated ESG evaluation. Our work started with a deep and accurate analysis of the existing literature about ESG topics and the main results and insights are explained in the second chapter; in detail, while investigating the ESG universe, we concentrated our attention on three domains that we considered useful for the objective of our project. Firstly, we reviewed the sphere of ESG ratings that are highly requested from the market but, at the moment, there is not enough experience to prefer one set of evaluation guidelines compared to others and this explains the absence of consolidated and shared practices. The presence of different frameworks makes the comparability of sustainable performances difficult and opens up the way to opportunistic behaviours like greenwashing. Secondly, we analyzed the impact of ESG initiatives on the performances of companies distinguishing between access to financing, financial performances and non-financial ones. Lastly, we carefully reviewed literature focusing on the target of our project, namely SMEs, and their relationship with sustainability. This research work flew into the process of ideation and practical creation of the tool, which is described in detail the third chapter: our instrument, that is aimed at providing SMEs with the capability of autonomously assessing their ESG performances in an easy and quick manner, took inspiration from pre-existing rating systems and self-assessments notably provided to large corporations by international regulators and important independent institutions. Our ESG Self-Assessment results from the adaptation and the actualization of the topic to the sphere of Italian small businesses, taking into account both the recent market turmoil (diffusion of COVID-19 pandemic) and the specificities of this particular type of companies and the of our country. Subsequently, the final sample selected, made up by 99 questions, has been differentiated in order to create questionnaires specific for each ATECO code. The assignment of the questions to the industrial categories has been obtained by cross referencing the SASB Materiality Map, the GICS industry standards and the Italian adaptation of the NACE industry classification: in detail, after having aligned GICS standards and the ATECO classification, the questions have been linked to the 26 categories of the Materiality Map and these last ones have been assigned to each ATECO code according to the materiality principle. The result consists in the realization of 33 industry-specific self-assessments whose length and duration are variable depending on the ATECO code since the number of materially relevant categories prescribed by the Materiality Map can change and it is industry-dependent. However, all the questionnaires last on average 15 minutes and they all share the main structure, presenting 3 sections: screening questions, ESG specific questions and a final score, supported with standardized scoring-related feedback. Among a list of commonly used survey providers, the software selected for the implementation of our ESG self-assessment tool is Qualtrics CoreXM, which has been chosen because of its high reliability and for the customization offered in both the visual and programming part: as a matter of fact, the latter functionality was essential in order to differentiate questionnaires and create the underlying system of scorings and respective feedbacks. The tool created exploits an easy and user-friendly interface, and the successful digital implementation of this instrument has led to the launch of a preliminary beta testing among the companies associated with ANIMA (Federazione delle Associazioni Nazionali dell'Industria Meccanica Varia ed Affine). All the companies that took part to the beta testing, upon completion of the questionnaire, have received a score and a standardized feedback as a first evaluation of their performances in absolute terms; after the conclusion of the testing phase, each participant company has been provided with a benchmarking report, in which the firm has the possibility to observe its positioning among the enterprises that participated to the project and have the same ATECO code. The answers collected have allowed us to develop some statistical analysis in order to have aggregate indicators that can provide useful insights on the general trend of the considered ATECO code. In particular, in the fourth chapter, the sustainable performances of the companies having ATECO code CK - “Fabbricazione di macchinari e apparecchi n.c.a.”- are presented as illustrative example. The results achieved by the companies are to be considered as the starting point for SMEs to build a successful and profitable sustainability oriented corporate strategy. This final target is our main goal as we would like to help the companies that represent the solid base of our economy to reduce risk and the cost of accessing capital and better fulfil the new needs of customers and employees, as the world is now driving towards a more responsible, socially and environmentally aware future.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
Tesi Bellani Ciciriello.pdf
solo utenti autorizzati dal 14/09/2023
Descrizione: Testo della tesi
Dimensione
2.25 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
2.25 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in POLITesi sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/10589/166389