Electric railway systems have been amply developed in the past years, pursuing the goal of energy and economic efficiency. Nowadays, the main challenge faces the integration of renewable energy sources (RES) in the power supply system, with the aim of reducing the carbon dioxide emissions of the transport sector and meeting the European Union targets about environmental sustainability. In this scenario, distributed energy resources represent a promising option to boost this change. The thesis deals with the power supply of electric systems for transportation, combining grid energy with dedicated renewable energy sources. The first chapter presents an in-depth analysis of DC and AC power supply system for transportation, explaining their advantages and limitations, studying the state of the art of the components, the design criteria, the management strategies and the power quality problems while investigating innovations and the future prospects. The second chapter deals with the physical and technical aspects of RES, focusing on photovoltaic and wind power plants. It examines in detail the conversion of solar irradiation and wind into electricity, the control algorithms of the conversion system and the power plant configurations. Because of the discontinuous nature of the primary source and the related power quality issues, the interfaces, the control systems and the most recent regulations, requirements and technical standards about the connection of photovoltaic and wind generators to the electric grid are analysed. The third chapter deals with the design of the electrification systems of both AC and DC railways for the integration of renewable power plants. First, the connection schemes, the components and their design are presented in detail, comparing the performance, the merits and limitation, analysing the power flows, the energy efficiency and the economic aspects. Lastly, after a deep analysis of several simulations with different power distribution scenarios and various operation modes, the optimal operation and energy management of electric railways integrating renewable energy and hybrid electric storage systems is defined, with a quantification of cost and energy savings.
I sistemi elettrici per i trasporti sono stati ampiamente sviluppati nel corso degli anni e le innovazioni introdotte ne hanno aumentato l’efficienza energetica ed economica. Ad oggi, al fine di ridurre le emissioni di anidride carbonica relative a tale settore, la sfida più importante è rappresentata dall’introduzione delle fonti energetiche rinnovabili (FER) negli impianti di alimentazione. In questo contesto, la generazione distribuita assume il ruolo di catalizzatore del cambiamento. Il presente lavoro di tesi sviluppa gli aspetti tecnici, energetici ed economici dell’alimentazione dei sistemi elettrici di trasporto da fonti rinnovabili. Il Capitolo 1 presenta un’approfondita analisi degli impianti di alimentazione dei sistemi di trasporto DC ed AC, studiandone lo stato dell’arte dei componenti, le potenzialità e le limitazioni, i criteri di progettazione, le strategie di gestione energetica, i problemi di power quality, le innovazioni ed i prospetti futuri. Il Capitolo 2 affronta gli aspetti fisici ed impiantistici delle FER, focalizzando l’attenzione sugli impianti eolici e fotovoltaici. Vengono esaminati in dettaglio i sistemi di conversione della fonte primaria in energia elettrica, gli algoritmi di controllo e le configurazioni impiantistiche. Data la natura discontinua delle FER in questione, viene rivolta una particolare attenzione all’interfaccia con la rete elettrica, analizzandone i requisiti, gli standard e le norme tecniche per la connessione alla rete. Il Capitolo 3 sviluppa in dettaglio la progettazione degli impianti di alimentazione dei sistemi di trasporto volti all’integrazione delle FER. Per prima cosa ne vengono studiati gli schemi di connessione, i componenti ed il loro dimensionamento comparandone le potenzialità e le limitazioni, esaminandone i flussi di potenza, l’efficienza energetica e gli aspetti economici. In fine, a seguito di un’approfondita analisi di varie simulazioni relative a differenti configurazioni e scenari, viene definita la gestione ottima degli impianti per l’alimentazione dei sistemi di trasporto integranti le fonti rinnovabili ed i sistemi di accumulo ibridi e ne vengono quantificati i risparmi energetici ed economici.
Alimentazione dei sistemi elettrici di trasporto da fonti rinnovabili
D'Ambrosio, Francesco
2019/2020
Abstract
Electric railway systems have been amply developed in the past years, pursuing the goal of energy and economic efficiency. Nowadays, the main challenge faces the integration of renewable energy sources (RES) in the power supply system, with the aim of reducing the carbon dioxide emissions of the transport sector and meeting the European Union targets about environmental sustainability. In this scenario, distributed energy resources represent a promising option to boost this change. The thesis deals with the power supply of electric systems for transportation, combining grid energy with dedicated renewable energy sources. The first chapter presents an in-depth analysis of DC and AC power supply system for transportation, explaining their advantages and limitations, studying the state of the art of the components, the design criteria, the management strategies and the power quality problems while investigating innovations and the future prospects. The second chapter deals with the physical and technical aspects of RES, focusing on photovoltaic and wind power plants. It examines in detail the conversion of solar irradiation and wind into electricity, the control algorithms of the conversion system and the power plant configurations. Because of the discontinuous nature of the primary source and the related power quality issues, the interfaces, the control systems and the most recent regulations, requirements and technical standards about the connection of photovoltaic and wind generators to the electric grid are analysed. The third chapter deals with the design of the electrification systems of both AC and DC railways for the integration of renewable power plants. First, the connection schemes, the components and their design are presented in detail, comparing the performance, the merits and limitation, analysing the power flows, the energy efficiency and the economic aspects. Lastly, after a deep analysis of several simulations with different power distribution scenarios and various operation modes, the optimal operation and energy management of electric railways integrating renewable energy and hybrid electric storage systems is defined, with a quantification of cost and energy savings.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/166743