Developing countries characterized by fragile healthcare with few economic resources and medical personnel as well as equipment need a collaboration between countries with the implementation of projects that can facilitate the solution of their health problems. The adoption of independent, inexpensive and easy-to-use tools that can be integrated with a telemedicine service for reading reports and consulting remotely would be a significant step forward for the most disadvantaged populations. The operator dependence of diagnostic tools is a controversial problem that has always been tried to overcome, for example, with the re-evaluation of tools such as the reograph (operator independent) which with the introduction of microprocessors and integrated circuits could become a device for the production of remotely readable tracings. The use of operator independent technologies does not imply the need for specialized personnel in the use of complex instruments and will be able to provide optimal results at low costs as opposed to expensive, difficult to find diagnostic imaging devices (Doppler, CT, MRI) and, as mentioned, operator dependent. For this reason, the impedance plethysmographic device could become the first choice among diagnostic methods. Particular attention deserves the rheography applied to the diabetic foot, a pathology due to a peripheral arterial disease from hyperglycemia. This project wants to create a device to perform impedance plethysmography that can be transportable and economical. The designed system includes software and hardware. The device is equipped with four electrodes with the possibility of being placed in different positions on the limbs. The hardware design includes: a development board that contains an impedance analyzer (AD5933) and a micropro- cessor, an analog front-end that allows the interface between the circuit and the human body, a 16-bit ADC and an Arduino UNO board. The software part relies on the proprietary software of the impedance analyzer and the Arduino program for reading data; Matlab was also used for the analysis of impedance traces (not included in this work). It describes how to assemble the above components and how the collected data can be clinically meaningful. The protocol to follow to test the device is suggested and the scenario in which it can be used is described. In conclusion, the device, once the possible improvements have been made, could become a fundamental part of the instrumentation supplied to the health centers of developing countries which will be able to make use of telemedicine.
I paesi in via di sviluppo caratterizzati da sanità fragili con poche risorse sia economiche sia di personale medico oltre che di apparecchiature necessitano di una collaborazione tra paesi con la messa in campo di mezzi in presenza e non solo che possa favorire la soluzione dei loro problemi sanitari. L’adozione di strumenti operatori indipendenti, poco costosi e di facile uso che possano essere integrati con un servizio di telemedicina per la lettura di referti e consulenze in remoto sarebbe un notevole passo avanti per le popolazioni più disagiate. L’operatore dipendenza degli strumenti diagnostici è una problematica controversa e che si è sempre cercato di ovviare, per esempio, con la rivalutazione di strumenti quali l’impedenzimetro( operatore indipendente) che con l’introduzione di microprocessori e circuiti integrati potrebbe diventare strumento di prima scelta per la produzione di tracciati letti in remoto. L’uso di tecnologie operatore indipendente non implica la necessità di personale specializzato nell’uso di strumentazioni complesse e potrà fornire risultati otti- mali a costi contenuti al contrario di apparecchi per la diagnostica per immagini (ECD,ED,TC,RNM) costosi, difficilmente reperibili e ,come detto, operatore dipen- denti. Limpedenzimetro, per questo, potrebbe diventare la prima scelta tra le metodiche diagnostiche. Attenzione particolare merita la reografia applicata al piede diabetico, patologia dovuta ad una arteriopatia periferica da iperglicemia. Questo progetto vuole creare un device per eseguire la pletismografia ad impedenza che possa essere trasportabile ed economico. Il sistema progettato include parte software e hardware. Il dispositivo è dotato di quattro elettrodi con la possibilità di essere collocati in diverse posizioni sugli arti. La progettazione hardware include: una scheda di sviluppo che contiene un analizzatore di impedenze (AD5933) e un microprocessore, un front-end analogico che permette l’interfaccia tra il circuito e il corpo umano, un ADC a 16 bit e una scheda Arduino UNO. La parte software si appoggia al software proprietario dell’analizzatore di impedenze e il programma di Arduino per la lettura dei dati; per l’analisi dei tracciati impedenziometrici inoltre è stato utilizzato Matlab (non incluso in questo lavoro). Viene descritto come assemblare i componenti sopra citati e in che modo i dati raccolti possono essere significativi dal punto di vista clinico. Viene suggerito il protocollo da seguire per testare il dispositivo e viene descritto lo scenario in cui può essere utilizzato. In conclusione il dispositivo, fatti i possibili miglioramenti, potrà diventare una parte fondamentale della strumentazione in dotazione ai centri sanitari dei paesi in via di sviluppo che potranno così avvalersi della telemedicina.
Feasibility design of an operator independent tool for impedance plethysmography for possible appliation in developing countries
Sacchi, Giovanni
2019/2020
Abstract
Developing countries characterized by fragile healthcare with few economic resources and medical personnel as well as equipment need a collaboration between countries with the implementation of projects that can facilitate the solution of their health problems. The adoption of independent, inexpensive and easy-to-use tools that can be integrated with a telemedicine service for reading reports and consulting remotely would be a significant step forward for the most disadvantaged populations. The operator dependence of diagnostic tools is a controversial problem that has always been tried to overcome, for example, with the re-evaluation of tools such as the reograph (operator independent) which with the introduction of microprocessors and integrated circuits could become a device for the production of remotely readable tracings. The use of operator independent technologies does not imply the need for specialized personnel in the use of complex instruments and will be able to provide optimal results at low costs as opposed to expensive, difficult to find diagnostic imaging devices (Doppler, CT, MRI) and, as mentioned, operator dependent. For this reason, the impedance plethysmographic device could become the first choice among diagnostic methods. Particular attention deserves the rheography applied to the diabetic foot, a pathology due to a peripheral arterial disease from hyperglycemia. This project wants to create a device to perform impedance plethysmography that can be transportable and economical. The designed system includes software and hardware. The device is equipped with four electrodes with the possibility of being placed in different positions on the limbs. The hardware design includes: a development board that contains an impedance analyzer (AD5933) and a micropro- cessor, an analog front-end that allows the interface between the circuit and the human body, a 16-bit ADC and an Arduino UNO board. The software part relies on the proprietary software of the impedance analyzer and the Arduino program for reading data; Matlab was also used for the analysis of impedance traces (not included in this work). It describes how to assemble the above components and how the collected data can be clinically meaningful. The protocol to follow to test the device is suggested and the scenario in which it can be used is described. In conclusion, the device, once the possible improvements have been made, could become a fundamental part of the instrumentation supplied to the health centers of developing countries which will be able to make use of telemedicine.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/166793