From the 1980’s onwards, the framework supporting globalization became fundamentally based on the arising information and communication technologies. This shift led to dispersed production chains, through spatially unbundled steps performed irrespective of countries boundaries, known as global value chains (GVCs). This paradigm is mainly supported by a harmonization of policymaking developed regionally or bilaterally, through the setting of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) that, nowadays, cover much more than simply terms of trade between partners. In this scenario, in mid-2019, a decades-long discussion concerning the setting of a PTA between the European Union (EU) and the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) was finished with an agreement reached for the setting of a free trade area. This thesis was developed with the aim of understanding the impact that such an agreement could have on the future developments of both blocs, and how it can foster or hinder their integration, here understood as their interconnectedness via value chains. This is performed through a two-step analysis: firstly, with a qualitative analysis of the recent trends of both blocs in standard trade and value added trade (VAT) terms, globally and with one another, and, secondly, with a quantitative analysis measuring the impact that PTAs have had on GVCs, through an econometric regression of a Gravitational model of VAT. The blocs were found to have largely asymmetric characteristics on several dimensions of trade and still low levels of integration among themselves, while the effect of agreements on value chains was found significative and positive. Moreover, the agreement itself is still probably subject to much change and debate, and several exogenous factors and shocks are bound to affect its outcome. Nonetheless, leveraging on such asymmetries and using the agreement as a facility for harmonization of policies could still be extremely valuable economically and socially.
A partire dagli anni 1980, il contesto che ha sostenuto la globalizzazione è diventato fondamentalmente basato sulle nuove tecnologie dell'informazione e della comunicazione. Questo cambiamento ha portato alla dispersione delle fasi di produzione, attraverso tappe spazialmente disaggregate effettuate indipendentemente dai confini dei paesi, conosciute come catene di valore globale (CVG). Questo paradigma è sostenuto principalmente da un'armonizzazione delle politiche sviluppate a livello regionale o bilaterale, attraverso la creazione di accordi commerciali preferenziali (ACP) che coprono molto di più dei soli termini di scambio tra i partner. In questo scenario, nel 2019, si è conclusa una decennale discussione sulla definizione di un ACP tra l'Unione Europea (UE) e il Mercato Comune del Sud (MERCOSUR), con il raggiungimento di un accordo per la creazione di una zona di libero scambio. Questa tesi è stata sviluppata con l'obiettivo di comprendere l'impatto che questo potrebbe avere sugli sviluppi futuri dei blocchi e come può favorire o ostacolare la loro integrazione, qui interpretata come la interconnessione attraverso le catene del valore. Questo viene effettuato attraverso un'analisi in due fasi: un'analisi qualitativa delle tendenze di entrambi i blocchi in termini di commercio convenzionale e di commercio a valore aggiunto (CVA), globalmente e tra di loro, e un'analisi quantitativa che misura l'impatto che le ACP hanno avuto sui CVG, attraverso una regressione econometrica di un modello Gravitazionale. I blocchi presentano caratteristiche ampiamente asimmetriche su diverse dimensioni del commercio e livelli ancora bassi di integrazione tra di loro, e l'effetto degli accordi sulle catene del valore è stato trovato significativo e positivo. Peraltro, l'accordo è probabilmente ancora soggetto a molti cambiamenti e dibattiti, e diversi fattori e shock esogeni sono destinati ad influenzarne l'esito. Tuttavia, facendo leva su tali asimmetrie e utilizzando l'accordo come strumento di armonizzazione delle politiche potrebbe essere ancora utile economicamente e socialmente.
Effects from preferential trade agreements on global value chains : analysis of the European Union. Mercosur scenario
Montenegro Carvalhaes, João Pedro
2019/2020
Abstract
From the 1980’s onwards, the framework supporting globalization became fundamentally based on the arising information and communication technologies. This shift led to dispersed production chains, through spatially unbundled steps performed irrespective of countries boundaries, known as global value chains (GVCs). This paradigm is mainly supported by a harmonization of policymaking developed regionally or bilaterally, through the setting of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) that, nowadays, cover much more than simply terms of trade between partners. In this scenario, in mid-2019, a decades-long discussion concerning the setting of a PTA between the European Union (EU) and the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) was finished with an agreement reached for the setting of a free trade area. This thesis was developed with the aim of understanding the impact that such an agreement could have on the future developments of both blocs, and how it can foster or hinder their integration, here understood as their interconnectedness via value chains. This is performed through a two-step analysis: firstly, with a qualitative analysis of the recent trends of both blocs in standard trade and value added trade (VAT) terms, globally and with one another, and, secondly, with a quantitative analysis measuring the impact that PTAs have had on GVCs, through an econometric regression of a Gravitational model of VAT. The blocs were found to have largely asymmetric characteristics on several dimensions of trade and still low levels of integration among themselves, while the effect of agreements on value chains was found significative and positive. Moreover, the agreement itself is still probably subject to much change and debate, and several exogenous factors and shocks are bound to affect its outcome. Nonetheless, leveraging on such asymmetries and using the agreement as a facility for harmonization of policies could still be extremely valuable economically and socially.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/166960