The main objective of the thesis is to develop a framework for assessing the loss of value sustained by cultural heritage assets due to disasters as a contribution towards developing a more comprehensive disaster impact analysis in the cultural heritage sector. The proposed framework can be applied in pre-event risk assessments to establish risk mitigation priorities or in post-event damage analysis to define recovery priorities. In this manner, the proposed framework is expected to support decision makers in the choice of protection and recovery strategies and assist the prioritization of cultural heritage assets in terms of risk mitigation or repair/reconstruction needs. The need for a holistic approach when assessing disaster impacts emerges from the fact that disasters result not only in physical damage but also in indirect effects (e.g. disruption of activities, goods and services provided) as well as effects linked to the relationship between the assets and the society. One of the reasons justifying the need for consideration of all of these aspects is that the funds directed to protection/recovery interventions are provided by the tax payers. This means that decision-makers should consider why citizens value specific assets to which funds are being assigned. However, in contrast to the assessment of physical damage and the indirect effects, means to assess the all-inclusive loss related to non-monetized effects are still missing. One of the main challenges for establishing methodologies for their assessment is to understand the complex relationship between cultural heritage and society. Given this discussion, the first step of the framework proposed herein aims at identifying and characterizing the cultural heritage values emerging from the link between cultural heritage and communities. Once the values of interest are identified and characterized by establishing a set of indicators related to each of them, a methodology for their assessment is proposed. The final output of this methodology is the level of individual value that a certain cultural heritage asset might hold. Later, the level of value is transformed into a level of loss of value by making reference to the physical damage with respect to the values of interest. In this fashion, the level of damaged value is assessed based on the estimated time for repair/reconstruction and the possibility for total restoration. Finally, the level of value and the level of damage are aggregated in a “loss-space” reflecting the loss of value. The interpretation of the “loss-space” for prioritization purposes is twofold. In a first approach, the overall loss of value associated to each asset is reflected by one “loss-space”, while in a second approach the loss related to the individual values is presented in a separate “loss-space” for each value, represented by a “prioritization matrix”. The different interpretations, as well as the general concept, construction and application of the loss-space framework are presented for a case study involving some of the cultural heritage assets damaged by the earthquake that occurred in Lorca, Spain, in 2011. First, the impacts of the 2011 Lorca earthquake are addressed in a traditional manner, i.e. by assessing the indirect effects related to the disruption of activities providing services and goods on one hand, and the physical damage sustained by the assets, expressed in terms of costs for repair/reconstruction on the other. It is shown that the traditional approach is not able to capture the full extent of the disaster impacts and the need for a more comprehensive disaster impact analysis in the cultural heritage sector is strongly highlighted. Next, the proposed framework for assessing the loss of value sustained by cultural heritage assets is applied to the case study. In this manner, it is shown how the consideration of the non-monetized impacts affects the development of different prioritization strategies in terms of repair/reconstruction interventions in post-event settings. Finally, it is concluded that the development of recovery strategies should consider all the aspects assessed by a more comprehensive disaster analysis as proposed herein and focus on those that lead to a recovery in the most convenient and befitting manner with respect to the characteristics and the needs of the affected area.
L'obiettivo principale della tesi è sviluppare un quadro per la valutazione della perdita di valore sostenuta dai beni del patrimonio culturale a causa di disastri come contributo allo sviluppo di un'analisi più completa dell'impatto dei disastri nel settore del patrimonio culturale. Il quadro proposto può essere applicato nelle valutazioni del rischio pre-evento per stabilire le priorità di mitigazione del rischio o nell'analisi del danno post-evento per definire le priorità di recupero. In questo modo, il quadro proposto dovrebbe supportare i decisori nella scelta delle strategie di protezione e recupero e assistere la definizione delle priorità dei beni del patrimonio culturale in termini di mitigazione del rischio o necessità di riparazione / ricostruzione. La necessità di un approccio olistico nella valutazione degli impatti dei disastri emerge dal fatto che i disastri provocano non solo danni fisici ma anche effetti indiretti (ad es. Interruzione di attività, beni e servizi forniti) nonché effetti legati alla relazione tra i beni e la società. Uno dei motivi che giustificano la necessità di prendere in considerazione tutti questi aspetti è che i fondi destinati agli interventi di protezione / recupero sono forniti dai contribuenti. Ciò significa che i responsabili delle decisioni dovrebbero considerare il motivo per cui i cittadini valutano le risorse specifiche a cui vengono assegnati i fondi. Tuttavia, contrariamente alla valutazione del danno fisico e degli effetti indiretti, mancano ancora i mezzi per valutare la perdita onnicomprensiva relativa agli effetti non monetizzati. Una delle principali sfide per stabilire metodologie per la loro valutazione è comprendere la complessa relazione tra patrimonio culturale e società. Alla luce di questa discussione, il primo passo del quadro qui proposto mira a identificare e caratterizzare i valori del patrimonio culturale che emergono dal legame tra patrimonio culturale e comunità. Una volta individuati i valori di interesse e caratterizzati stabilendo un set di indicatori relativi a ciascuno di essi, viene proposta una metodologia per la loro valutazione. Il risultato finale di questa metodologia è il livello di valore individuale che un determinato bene del patrimonio culturale potrebbe avere. Successivamente, il livello di valore si trasforma in un livello di perdita di valore facendo riferimento al danno fisico rispetto ai valori di interesse. In questo modo, il livello di valore del danno viene valutato sulla base del tempo stimato per la riparazione / ricostruzione e la possibilità di un ripristino totale. Infine, il livello di valore e il livello di danno vengono aggregati in uno "spazio di perdita" che riflette la perdita di valore. L'interpretazione dello "spazio di perdita" ai fini della definizione delle priorità è duplice. In un primo approccio, la perdita complessiva di valore associata a ciascuna attività è riflessa da un "spazio di perdita", mentre in un secondo approccio la perdita relativa ai singoli valori è presentata in uno "spazio di perdita" separato per ciascun valore, rappresentato da una "matrice di prioritizzazione". Le diverse interpretazioni, così come il concetto generale, la costruzione e l'applicazione del quadro di perdita di spazio sono presentate per un caso di studio che coinvolge alcuni dei beni del patrimonio culturale danneggiati dal terremoto che si è verificato a Lorca, in Spagna, nel 2011. Innanzitutto, il Gli impatti del terremoto di Lorca del 2011 vengono affrontati in maniera tradizionale, ovvero valutando da un lato gli effetti indiretti legati al disservizio delle attività di fornitura di servizi e beni, ed i danni fisici subiti dai beni, espressi in termini di costi per riparazioni / ricostruzione dall'altro. È stato dimostrato che l'approccio tradizionale non è in grado di cogliere l'intera portata degli impatti delle catastrofi e la necessità di un'analisi dell'impatto delle catastrofi più completa nel settore del patrimonio culturale è fortemente evidenziata. Successivamente, il quadro proposto per la valutazione della perdita di valore sostenuta dai beni del patrimonio culturale viene applicato al caso di studio. In questo modo, viene mostrato come la considerazione degli impatti non monetizzati influenzi lo sviluppo di diverse strategie di prioritizzazione in termini di interventi di riparazione / ricostruzione in contesti post-evento. Infine, si conclude che lo sviluppo di strategie di ripristino dovrebbe considerare tutti gli aspetti valutati da un'analisi più completa del disastro come qui proposto e concentrarsi su quelli che portano ad un recupero nel modo più conveniente e consono rispetto alle caratteristiche e alle esigenze dell'area interessata.
Characterization of non-extractive use values of cultural heritage for risk assessment due to natural hazards
Kirova, Irena
2019/2020
Abstract
The main objective of the thesis is to develop a framework for assessing the loss of value sustained by cultural heritage assets due to disasters as a contribution towards developing a more comprehensive disaster impact analysis in the cultural heritage sector. The proposed framework can be applied in pre-event risk assessments to establish risk mitigation priorities or in post-event damage analysis to define recovery priorities. In this manner, the proposed framework is expected to support decision makers in the choice of protection and recovery strategies and assist the prioritization of cultural heritage assets in terms of risk mitigation or repair/reconstruction needs. The need for a holistic approach when assessing disaster impacts emerges from the fact that disasters result not only in physical damage but also in indirect effects (e.g. disruption of activities, goods and services provided) as well as effects linked to the relationship between the assets and the society. One of the reasons justifying the need for consideration of all of these aspects is that the funds directed to protection/recovery interventions are provided by the tax payers. This means that decision-makers should consider why citizens value specific assets to which funds are being assigned. However, in contrast to the assessment of physical damage and the indirect effects, means to assess the all-inclusive loss related to non-monetized effects are still missing. One of the main challenges for establishing methodologies for their assessment is to understand the complex relationship between cultural heritage and society. Given this discussion, the first step of the framework proposed herein aims at identifying and characterizing the cultural heritage values emerging from the link between cultural heritage and communities. Once the values of interest are identified and characterized by establishing a set of indicators related to each of them, a methodology for their assessment is proposed. The final output of this methodology is the level of individual value that a certain cultural heritage asset might hold. Later, the level of value is transformed into a level of loss of value by making reference to the physical damage with respect to the values of interest. In this fashion, the level of damaged value is assessed based on the estimated time for repair/reconstruction and the possibility for total restoration. Finally, the level of value and the level of damage are aggregated in a “loss-space” reflecting the loss of value. The interpretation of the “loss-space” for prioritization purposes is twofold. In a first approach, the overall loss of value associated to each asset is reflected by one “loss-space”, while in a second approach the loss related to the individual values is presented in a separate “loss-space” for each value, represented by a “prioritization matrix”. The different interpretations, as well as the general concept, construction and application of the loss-space framework are presented for a case study involving some of the cultural heritage assets damaged by the earthquake that occurred in Lorca, Spain, in 2011. First, the impacts of the 2011 Lorca earthquake are addressed in a traditional manner, i.e. by assessing the indirect effects related to the disruption of activities providing services and goods on one hand, and the physical damage sustained by the assets, expressed in terms of costs for repair/reconstruction on the other. It is shown that the traditional approach is not able to capture the full extent of the disaster impacts and the need for a more comprehensive disaster impact analysis in the cultural heritage sector is strongly highlighted. Next, the proposed framework for assessing the loss of value sustained by cultural heritage assets is applied to the case study. In this manner, it is shown how the consideration of the non-monetized impacts affects the development of different prioritization strategies in terms of repair/reconstruction interventions in post-event settings. Finally, it is concluded that the development of recovery strategies should consider all the aspects assessed by a more comprehensive disaster analysis as proposed herein and focus on those that lead to a recovery in the most convenient and befitting manner with respect to the characteristics and the needs of the affected area.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/170681