The economic and industrial growth that totally changed our lifestyle in the last hundred years took place regardless of the effect of fossil fuels burning in terms of CO2 and other pollutants emitted into the atmosphere. In the last two decades an increasing concern about climate change has led to a new understanding of related problems. In particular, if we do not substantially change the way we produce our energy, we will soon run out of all the non-renewable sources available on earth, altering the fragile balance of our planet with devastating effects for the whole mankind. Transports are responsible for 25% of CO2 emissions; therefore, the renewal of this sector is one of the key aspects to successfully reduce the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. If the electric vehicles (EVs) diffusion will be carried out in a sustainable way, providing EVs with green energy, emissions could be significantly and fruitfully reduced. Since most Renewable Energy Sources (RES) such as wind or solar energy are inherently intermittent, an efficient large-scale storing system would allow to store the clean energy excess that is produced in windy and sunny days to provide it back when needed. It is very difficult to achieve large-scale energy storage: at the moment the only way to do it is through pumped hydro technology, but its diffusion is strongly limited because of the lack of installation sites. Using EVs as storage systems, through their controlled charging and discharging, could be a way to solve this problem. In this way EVs would not cause problems to national distribution grids, but they would provide stability and flexibility to it. The first part of this dissertation/thesis is an overview of electric vehicles evolution and future scenarios. Technologies for uncontrolled and controlled charging /discharging are described together with the positive and negative impacts of the connection of a large number of EVs to the power system. The second part deals with vehicle-to-grid technology (V2G) through the analysis of technical components’ requirements and the results of the most-significative projects around the world. The last chapter focuses on the Italian regulations on the virtual aggregation of V2G technology electric vehicles to participate in the ancillary service market. The analysis of a V2G application in a company parking is finally presented to assess the economic feasibility of such technology.
La crescita economica e industriale che ha cambiato totalmente il nostro modo di vivere negli ultimi cento anni si è svolta senza considerare gli effetti dei combustibili fossili in termini di CO2 e altri inquinanti emessi nell'atmosfera. Negli ultimi due decenni la crescente preoccupazione per il cambiamento climatico ha portato all’approfondimento delle problematiche ad esso connesse. Se non cambieremo in modo sostanziale il modo in cui produciamo l’energia di cui abbiamo bisogno termineremo presto tutte le fonti non rinnovabili disponibili sulla terra alterando il fragile equilibrio del nostro pianeta e causando effetti devastanti per tutta l’umanità. Per ridurre con successo la quantità di CO2 emessa a livello globale, il rinnovamento del settore dei trasporti è uno degli aspetti chiave in quanto responsabile del 25% delle emissioni globali di CO2. La diffusione dei veicoli elettrici, insieme alla produzione di elettricità da fonti rinnovabili, ridurrà significativamente queste emissioni, se effettuata in modo efficiente e sostenibile Poiché la maggior parte delle Fonti Energetiche Rinnovabili (FER) come l'energia eolica o solare sono intermittenti per natura, un efficiente sistema di stoccaggio su larga scala consentirebbe di accumulare energia pulita prodotta in eccesso durante giornate ventose e soleggiate, per restituirla quando necessario. Lo stoccaggio dell'energia è molto difficile da effettuare su larga scala: al momento l'unico modo per accumulare energia efficientemente è costituito dalle centrali idroelettriche a pompaggio, la cui diffusione è fortemente limitata dalla carenza di siti di installazione. Per risolvere questo problema è possibile utilizzare i veicoli elettrici come sistemi di stoccaggio attraverso la loro carica e scarica controllata. Così la loro diffusione non causerebbe problemi alle reti di distribuzione, ma fornirebbe stabilità e flessibilità al sistema elettrico. La prima parte di questo elaborato descrive l'evoluzione e le caratteristiche del settore dei veicoli elettrici e fornisce una panoramica sugli sviluppi e gli scenari futuri. Vengono descritte le tecnologie per la carica / scarica incontrollata e controllata insieme agli impatti positivi e negativi legati al collegamento alla rete di un gran numero di veicoli elettrici. La seconda parte si occupa della tecnologia vehicle-to-grid. Sono identificati i requisiti tecnici dei componenti e descritti i risultati dei progetti più significativi. L'ultimo capitolo descrive la normativa italiana sull'aggregazione virtuale dei veicoli elettrici con tecnologia V2G per partecipare al mercato dei servizi di dispacciamento. Infine, è presentata l'analisi di un'applicazione V2G in un parcheggio aziendale per valutare la fattibilità economica di tale tecnologia.
Electric vehicles : current scenarios and integration in the power system focusing on vehicle-to-grid technology
Bonafe', Francesco
2019/2020
Abstract
The economic and industrial growth that totally changed our lifestyle in the last hundred years took place regardless of the effect of fossil fuels burning in terms of CO2 and other pollutants emitted into the atmosphere. In the last two decades an increasing concern about climate change has led to a new understanding of related problems. In particular, if we do not substantially change the way we produce our energy, we will soon run out of all the non-renewable sources available on earth, altering the fragile balance of our planet with devastating effects for the whole mankind. Transports are responsible for 25% of CO2 emissions; therefore, the renewal of this sector is one of the key aspects to successfully reduce the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. If the electric vehicles (EVs) diffusion will be carried out in a sustainable way, providing EVs with green energy, emissions could be significantly and fruitfully reduced. Since most Renewable Energy Sources (RES) such as wind or solar energy are inherently intermittent, an efficient large-scale storing system would allow to store the clean energy excess that is produced in windy and sunny days to provide it back when needed. It is very difficult to achieve large-scale energy storage: at the moment the only way to do it is through pumped hydro technology, but its diffusion is strongly limited because of the lack of installation sites. Using EVs as storage systems, through their controlled charging and discharging, could be a way to solve this problem. In this way EVs would not cause problems to national distribution grids, but they would provide stability and flexibility to it. The first part of this dissertation/thesis is an overview of electric vehicles evolution and future scenarios. Technologies for uncontrolled and controlled charging /discharging are described together with the positive and negative impacts of the connection of a large number of EVs to the power system. The second part deals with vehicle-to-grid technology (V2G) through the analysis of technical components’ requirements and the results of the most-significative projects around the world. The last chapter focuses on the Italian regulations on the virtual aggregation of V2G technology electric vehicles to participate in the ancillary service market. The analysis of a V2G application in a company parking is finally presented to assess the economic feasibility of such technology.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/170924