This thesis project represents a part of the work carried out during my internship at Santagostino, which took place between February and August 2020. The internship was an integral part and final step of my Master's Degree in Clinical Biomedical Engineering at the Politecnico di Milano. Santagostino, founded in Milan in 2009, is a unique and innovative private healthcare institute in Italy. It is composed of several clinics located mainly in the interurban area of Milan. The rapid growth that it has had since the beginning has led to the opening of new centers and a constant expansion, also at national level, up to the current number of 27 locations. The philosophy of Santagostino is to provide high quality medical services at affordable prices and to expand the range of clinical specialties. The aim of this project was precisely the technical and economic evaluation of the expansion of the clinical offer in the hepatology field. In fact, chronic liver disease is an often underestimated problem of general public health. They are extremely widespread, but symptoms are quite often latent, making early detection difficult. Current forecasts, probably underestimated, indicate that around 844 million people worldwide suffer from chronic liver disease. The distribution of the most frequent causes is slowly changing, the percentage of virus-induced chronic diseases is decreasing while the percentage of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis induced diseases is increasing. Unlike other chronic diseases, however, if detected early they can be prevented and managed more effectively. Liver biopsy has always been considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of these pathologies. This kind of treatment involves various risks as it is extremely invasive. Moreover, it suffers from several limitations, for example the tissue sample collected and analyzed by biopsy is very restricted and can lead to erroneous interpretations. A parameter that has proved to be very useful in the diagnostic phase for a hepatopathic patient and that can be monitored with non-invasive methods is the liver stiffness. From a physical and mechanical point of view, stiffness can be defined as the modulus of elasticity or Young's modulus (E). In the liver it is proportionally related to the severity of the fibrosis or cirrhosis state. The main technique for non-invasive measurement of liver stiffness is elastography. The shear waves are transmitted by a probe and propagated through the liver: through the speed of propagation it is possible to evaluate the elasticity of the tissues. The objective of this project is the assessment from a technical and economic point of view of the introduction of a device able to provide a non-invasive evaluation of steatosis and fibrosis. The analysis included the FibroScan and an elastosonography module, which can be integrated in an ultrasound model already present in the electromedical devices asset of the Centre. FibroScan uses a technique called transient elastography or transient vibration-controlled elastography (VCTE). It is based on the controlled generation of a transient shear wave using a servo-controlled vibration of known frequency and amplitude. Liver stiffness is calculated from the speed of these mechanical waves using the following equation: 𝐸=3𝜌𝑉𝑠, where E is the Young's modulus or stiffness, ρ is the density, and Vs the shear speed. The shear wave's speed measured by VCTE is around 50 Hz. In addition, using a patented parameter, CAP (Controlled Attenuation Parameter), FibroScan can also quantify the amount of fat deposited in the liver, and therefore provide relevant information on the level of steatosis. The basic principle of elastosonography lies in the fact that the compression of the tissue examined with the ultrasound probe causes a deformation, evaluated as a variation of the distance between two points, different depending on its degree of "compressibility", lower in hard tissue and higher in soft tissue, which can be detected and quantified through dedicated software. For this reason, particularly when carried out on superficial tissue, it is currently considered a sort of "electronic palpation". The typical system for elastography is an ultrasound scanner, supported by an image processing system and a device that allows the representation of the processing results, the so-called elastosonographic module. In addition to the traditional grayscale B-mode images, the ultrasound probe is also used to produce a mechanical stimulus on the tissue: the response to this stimulus by the tissue under examination will be represented through a chromatic scale of "hardness". First, we made a technical comparison between the two devices, then we analyzed the impacts of both alternatives, placing them in the Santagostino environment. Workflow followed to perform the investment process is structured in four phases, starting from the identification of the possible options till the budget approval for the alternative selected. Due to the particular historical moment, it was decided to invest in this project in early 2021, so to this day it has clearly not been possible to carry out the post audit and control part. The option chosen was the acquisition of FibroScan, through operating leasing. The price of leasing for performance agreed upon allows the Centre the delivery of the medical examination at a still moderate price, in keeping with the ethics of the company. Although the profit margin of this kind of contract is obviously much lower, there are no initial costs. However, this marginality on the single performance soon becomes irrelevant if we consider the complete therapeutic path that will be defined with the introduction of an instrument - the FibroScan - able to objectively quantify the degree of steatosis and fibrosis. It will be possible to discern the path best suited to the patient, thus involving other specialists suitable for treatment, such as diabetologists, nutritionists, physiotherapists and psychologists. Thereby, the added value of this device will be the possibility of taking care of the patient at all levels. This allows to evaluate the patients' response to this kind of treatment, and the possible introduction of a more extensive and personalized therapeutic plan, which involves further specialists, such as diabetologists, nutritionists and endocrinologists, for a comprehensive patient management.
Questo progetto di tesi rappresenta una parte del lavoro svolto durante il mio tirocinio presso il Santagostino, che si è svolto tra febbraio ed agosto 2020. Lo stage è stato parte integrante e step finale del mio percorso di Laurea Magistrale in Ingegneria Biomedica Clinica presso il Politecnico di Milano. Il Santagostino, nato a Milano nel 2009, è una struttura sanitaria privata unica e innovativa in Italia. Si compone di una rete di poliambulatori situati principalmente nell’area interurbana di Milano. La crescita vertiginosa che ha avuto fin dai primi anni ha portato all’apertura di nuovi centri e ad un’espansione costante, anche a livello nazionale, fino ad arrivare all’attuale numero di 27 sedi. La filosofia del Santagostino è quella di erogare servizi di alta qualità medica a prezzi economicamente accessibili ed ampliare sempre di più il range di specialità cliniche. Lo scopo di questo progetto è stata proprio la valutazione tecnica ed economica dell’espansione dell’offerta clinica in ambito epatologico. Infatti, le malattie croniche del fegato rappresentano un problema, spesso sottovalutato, di salute pubblica generale. Esse sono estremamente diffuse ma i sintomi sono molto spesso inizialmente latenti, rendendo difficile un’individuazione precoce. Le stime attuali, probabilmente sottovalutate, in tutto il mondo indicano che circa 844 milioni di persone soffrono di malattie cronica al fegato. La distribuzione delle cause più frequenti sta lentamente cambiando, la percentuale delle malattie croniche indotte da virus sta diminuendo mentre sta aumentando la percentuale di quelle indotte da steatoepatiti non alcoliche. A differenza di altre malattie croniche però, se individuate per tempo possono essere prevenute e gestite in maniera più efficace. La biopsia epatica è da sempre ritenuta il gold standard per la diagnosi di queste patologie. Questa tipologia di intervento comporta vari rischi in quanto è estremamente invasiva. Inoltre, soffre di parecchie limitazioni, ad esempio il campione di tessuto prelevato ed analizzato tramite biopsia è molto ridotto e può portare ad interpretazioni errate. Un parametro che invece si è rivelato essere molto utile nella fase di inquadramento diagnostico per un soggetto epatopatico e che può essere monitorato con metodiche non invasive è la rigidezza del fegato. Dal punto di vista fisico e meccanico, la rigidezza può essere definita come il modulo di elasticità o modulo di Young (E). Nel fegato essa è proporzionalmente correlata alla gravità dello stato di fibrosi o cirrosi. La principale tecnica per la misurazione non invasiva della rigidezza del fegato è l’elastografia. Le onde di taglio sono trasmesse da una sonda e propagate attraverso il fegato: tramite la velocità di propagazione è possibile valutare l’elasticità dei tessuti. Il presente progetto si è posto come obiettivo l’analisi da un punto di vista tecnico ed economico dell’introduzione di un dispositivo in grado di fornire una valutazione di steatosi e fibrosi in modo non invasivo. Sono stati analizzati il FibroScan ed un modulo di elastosonografia, integrabile in un modello di ecografo già presente nell’asset dei dispositivi elettromedicali del Centro. Il FibroScan utilizza una tecnica chiamata elastografia transitoria o elastografia transitoria controllata dalle vibrazioni (VCTE). Essa si basa sulla generazione controllata di un'onda di taglio transitoria utilizzando una vibrazione servo-controllata di frequenza e ampiezza note. La rigidezza del fegato è calcolata dalla velocità di queste onde meccaniche usando la seguente equazione: 𝐸=3𝜌𝑉𝑠, dove E è il modulo di Young o rigidezza, ρ è la densità, e Vs la velocità di taglio. La velocità delle onde di taglio misurate si assestano intorno ai 50 Hz. Inoltre, mediante l’utilizzo di un parametro brevettato, il CAP (Controlled Attenuation Parameter), il FibroScan riesce a quantificare la quantità di grasso depositato nel fegato, e riesce quindi a fornire informazioni rilevanti sul livello di steatosi. Il principio di base dell’elastosonografia risiede nel fatto che la compressione del tessuto esaminato con la sonda dell’ecografo produce una deformazione, valutata come variazione della distanza tra due punti, differente a seconda del suo grado di “comprimibilità”, minore nei tessuti duri e maggiore nei tessuti soffici, che può essere rilevata e quantificata attraverso software dedicati. Per tale ragione in particolare quando effettuata su organi superficiali, è attualmente considerata una sorta di “palpazione elettronica”. Il tipico sistema per l’elastografia è costituito da un ecografo, affiancato da un sistema di elaborazione delle immagini e da un dispositivo che consenta la rappresentazione dei risultati dell’elaborazione, chiamato modulo elastosonografico. In questo caso la sonda ecografica oltre a permettere di ottenere le immagini tradizionali in B-mode in scala di grigio viene utilizzata anche per produrre uno stimolo meccanico sul tessuto: la risposta a questo stimolo da parte del tessuto in esame sarà rappresenta attraverso una scala cromatica di “durezza”. In primo luogo, si è operato un confronto tecnico tra i due dispostivi, successivamente si sono analizzati gli impatti di entrambe le alternative, contestualizzandole nella realtà del Santagostino. Il workflow seguito per lo svolgimento del processo di investimento è articolato in quattro fasi, partendo dall'individuazione delle possibili opzioni fino all'approvazione del budget per l'alternativa selezionata. A causa del particolare momento storico, si è deciso di investire in questo progetto all'inizio del 2021, per cui ad oggi è evidente che non è stato possibile effettuare la parte di post audit e controllo. L’opzione scelta è stata l’acquisizione del FibroScan, mediante noleggio operativo. Il prezzo del leasing per le prestazioni concordato consente al Centro di erogare le visite mediche ad un prezzo ancora moderato, nel rispetto dei principi etici dell'azienda. Sebbene il margine di profitto di questo tipo di contratto sia ovviamente molto più basso, non ci sono costi iniziali. Tuttavia, questa marginalità sulla singola performance diventa presto irrilevante se si considera il percorso terapeutico completo che verrà definito con l'introduzione di uno strumento - il FibroScan - in grado di quantificare oggettivamente il grado di steatosi e fibrosi. Sarà possibile discernere il percorso più adatto al paziente, coinvolgendo così altri specialisti adatti alla cura, come diabetologi, nutrizionisti, fisioterapisti e psicologi. Il valore aggiunto di questo dispositivo sarà quindi la possibilità di prendersi cura del paziente a tutti i livelli. Ciò permetterà di valutare la risposta dei pazienti a questo tipo di prestazione, e l’eventuale introduzione di un piano terapeutico più esteso e personalizzato, che preveda il coinvolgimento di altri specialisti, quali diabetologi, nutrizionisti ed endocrinologi, per una presa in carico totale del paziente.
Expanding clinical offer through technology assessment and business case analysis : insights from the case of hepatology at Santagostino hospital
Colli, Filippo
2019/2020
Abstract
This thesis project represents a part of the work carried out during my internship at Santagostino, which took place between February and August 2020. The internship was an integral part and final step of my Master's Degree in Clinical Biomedical Engineering at the Politecnico di Milano. Santagostino, founded in Milan in 2009, is a unique and innovative private healthcare institute in Italy. It is composed of several clinics located mainly in the interurban area of Milan. The rapid growth that it has had since the beginning has led to the opening of new centers and a constant expansion, also at national level, up to the current number of 27 locations. The philosophy of Santagostino is to provide high quality medical services at affordable prices and to expand the range of clinical specialties. The aim of this project was precisely the technical and economic evaluation of the expansion of the clinical offer in the hepatology field. In fact, chronic liver disease is an often underestimated problem of general public health. They are extremely widespread, but symptoms are quite often latent, making early detection difficult. Current forecasts, probably underestimated, indicate that around 844 million people worldwide suffer from chronic liver disease. The distribution of the most frequent causes is slowly changing, the percentage of virus-induced chronic diseases is decreasing while the percentage of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis induced diseases is increasing. Unlike other chronic diseases, however, if detected early they can be prevented and managed more effectively. Liver biopsy has always been considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of these pathologies. This kind of treatment involves various risks as it is extremely invasive. Moreover, it suffers from several limitations, for example the tissue sample collected and analyzed by biopsy is very restricted and can lead to erroneous interpretations. A parameter that has proved to be very useful in the diagnostic phase for a hepatopathic patient and that can be monitored with non-invasive methods is the liver stiffness. From a physical and mechanical point of view, stiffness can be defined as the modulus of elasticity or Young's modulus (E). In the liver it is proportionally related to the severity of the fibrosis or cirrhosis state. The main technique for non-invasive measurement of liver stiffness is elastography. The shear waves are transmitted by a probe and propagated through the liver: through the speed of propagation it is possible to evaluate the elasticity of the tissues. The objective of this project is the assessment from a technical and economic point of view of the introduction of a device able to provide a non-invasive evaluation of steatosis and fibrosis. The analysis included the FibroScan and an elastosonography module, which can be integrated in an ultrasound model already present in the electromedical devices asset of the Centre. FibroScan uses a technique called transient elastography or transient vibration-controlled elastography (VCTE). It is based on the controlled generation of a transient shear wave using a servo-controlled vibration of known frequency and amplitude. Liver stiffness is calculated from the speed of these mechanical waves using the following equation: 𝐸=3𝜌𝑉𝑠, where E is the Young's modulus or stiffness, ρ is the density, and Vs the shear speed. The shear wave's speed measured by VCTE is around 50 Hz. In addition, using a patented parameter, CAP (Controlled Attenuation Parameter), FibroScan can also quantify the amount of fat deposited in the liver, and therefore provide relevant information on the level of steatosis. The basic principle of elastosonography lies in the fact that the compression of the tissue examined with the ultrasound probe causes a deformation, evaluated as a variation of the distance between two points, different depending on its degree of "compressibility", lower in hard tissue and higher in soft tissue, which can be detected and quantified through dedicated software. For this reason, particularly when carried out on superficial tissue, it is currently considered a sort of "electronic palpation". The typical system for elastography is an ultrasound scanner, supported by an image processing system and a device that allows the representation of the processing results, the so-called elastosonographic module. In addition to the traditional grayscale B-mode images, the ultrasound probe is also used to produce a mechanical stimulus on the tissue: the response to this stimulus by the tissue under examination will be represented through a chromatic scale of "hardness". First, we made a technical comparison between the two devices, then we analyzed the impacts of both alternatives, placing them in the Santagostino environment. Workflow followed to perform the investment process is structured in four phases, starting from the identification of the possible options till the budget approval for the alternative selected. Due to the particular historical moment, it was decided to invest in this project in early 2021, so to this day it has clearly not been possible to carry out the post audit and control part. The option chosen was the acquisition of FibroScan, through operating leasing. The price of leasing for performance agreed upon allows the Centre the delivery of the medical examination at a still moderate price, in keeping with the ethics of the company. Although the profit margin of this kind of contract is obviously much lower, there are no initial costs. However, this marginality on the single performance soon becomes irrelevant if we consider the complete therapeutic path that will be defined with the introduction of an instrument - the FibroScan - able to objectively quantify the degree of steatosis and fibrosis. It will be possible to discern the path best suited to the patient, thus involving other specialists suitable for treatment, such as diabetologists, nutritionists, physiotherapists and psychologists. Thereby, the added value of this device will be the possibility of taking care of the patient at all levels. This allows to evaluate the patients' response to this kind of treatment, and the possible introduction of a more extensive and personalized therapeutic plan, which involves further specialists, such as diabetologists, nutritionists and endocrinologists, for a comprehensive patient management.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/170967