Introduction: anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is among the most debilitating injuries in professional football players. Most of the time it involves an absence from the pitch ranging from 9 to 12 months. Knowing the circumstances and mechanisms that lead to anterior cruciate ligament injuries is imperative to effectively design specific interventions to reduce the incidence of injury and to protect the health of athletes. In literature there are several 2D video-analysis studies on ACL injuries in football which, using television footage, allow an "in vivo" quantitative estimation of joint angles during the injury. However, this methodology has been accompanied by a more accurate technique, which works on the reconstruction and matching of a three-dimensional model reconstructed starting from the images collected from the cameras present in the sports facilities. This technique allows to evaluate more accurately the arrangement of the joints and the body in space. Such studies in football are absent in literature, with the exception of a case report. Study aim: the primary goal of this study is to analyze the kinematics of the anterior cruciate ligament rupture mechanism in professional football players through 3D reconstruction using the model-based image-matching technique. The secondary goal is to try to build a setting of factors that contribute to the injury; in particular, a comparison will be made between the biomechanical configurations of the injured players in the two possible game situations (offensive or defensive), which determine a different cognitive approach of the player to the action that leads to the injury. Methods: this study included 12 cases of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in male professional football players (21-37 years). The cases included in this study are militant footballers in the five major European leagues. In addition, the US football league, the group stage and the knockout stage of the two major European club competitions were considered. This study analyzed non-contact and indirect contact injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament that occurred exclusively during the matches of the current season, starting from September 5, 2020 until February 18, 2021. For the 3D reconstruction of the injury there were chosen the images of the cameras (key frames), for each angle, at intervals of 0.1 s starting from 0.5 s before the injury frame up to 0.1 s after the injury itself, through direct estimation thanks to the video images. Furthermore, data on the context in which injuries occurred were collected through online searches and video analysis. For each injured player, the cameras were calibrated for each angle and key frame. The skeletal model was then translated into the software workspace in such a way that the pelvis was superimposed as much as possible on that of the player on the television images. Subsequently, the model was resized in such a way to correspond to the anthropometric dimensions of the athlete himself. Finally, the angles of the pelvis, hip, knee and ankle joints of both lower limbs were exported. Results: injuries analyzed mostly occurred in the absence of rain. The injury mechanisms that led to the anterior cruciate ligament tear were in the least cases from non-contact, while from indirect contact 9 cases out of 12, three times more than in non-contact cases. Most of the injuries (58.3%) occurred in offensive areas of the pitch. The part of the foot with which the players touched the ground in the initial contact with the ground frame was in most cases the heel (58.3%). In comparison with the offensive one, the defensive game situation is the game circumstance in which the biomechanical risk factors already known in the literature were found to be more pronounced: the hip, in fact, was more abducted by about 10 degrees; the ankle rotated more externally than that of the players in the offensive phase, in which case it was even sometimes internally rotated. Discussion: the kinematic configuration with which the limb, before the injury, is placed on the ground is material on which preventive strategies can be studied to help, from an early age, the players to assume more correct positions in relation to impacts with the ground. Many "defensive" injuries of the studied cases occurred in the half-field of the opponents, suggesting that the attempt to stop a negative transition early (regaining possession of the ball by the rival team) may more frequently lead to dangerous situations. Given the increase in risk factors, also at the kinematic level, in the defensive game situation, where the athlete is reacting to extrinsic stimuli, it is hypothesized a role of the increased cognitive load in the increased risk of cruciate ligament tear. The two game situations (possession and non-possession) in which players may find themselves during a football match in fact involve different levels of concentration, stress and visual/spatial memory. Conclusion: this study presents the biggest casuistry in ecological conditions analyzed so far using this technique. Therefore, it can provide an innovative point of view for the construction of specific preventive programs aimed at reducing the incidence of injuries and protecting the health of athletes.
Introduzione: la rottura del legamento crociato anteriore (LCA) del ginocchio è uno degli infortuni più gravi nel calciatore d’élite; nella maggior parte dei casi comporta un’assenza dal terreno di gioco che varia dai 9 ai 12 mesi. Conoscere le circostanze e i meccanismi che portano alle lesioni del legamento crociato anteriore è di fondamentale importanza per progettare in modo efficace interventi specifici per ridurre l’incidenza di infortunio e salvaguardare la salute degli atleti. In letteratura sono presenti diversi studi di video-analisi in 2D sulle lesioni al LCA nel calcio che, sfruttando le riprese televisive, permettono una stima quantitativa “in vivo” degli angoli articolari durante l’infortunio. Tuttavia, a questa metodologia si è affiancata una tecnica più accurata, che lavora sulla ricostruzione e il matching di un modello tridimensionale ricostruito a partire dalle immagini raccolte dalle camere presenti negli impianti sportivi. Questa tecnica permette di valutare con maggiore precisione la disposizione delle articolazioni e del corpo nello spazio. Studi di questo tipo sul calcio sono assenti in letteratura, ed eccezione di un case report. Obiettivo della tesi: l’obiettivo primario di questo lavoro è analizzare la cinematica del meccanismo di rottura del legamento crociato anteriore nei calciatori d’élite attraverso la ricostruzione in 3D tramite la model–based image–matching technique. L’obiettivo secondario è cercare di costruire un quadro dei fattori che contribuiscono all’infortunio; in particolare, sarà effettuato un confronto tra le configurazioni biomeccaniche dei calciatori infortunati nelle due possibili situazioni di gioco (offensiva o difensiva), le quali determinano un differente approccio cognitivo del giocatore all’azione che porta all’infortunio. Materiali e metodi: lo studio ha compreso 12 casi di infortunio al legamento crociato anteriore in giocatori di calcio di sesso maschile d’élite (21-37 anni). I casi inclusi nello studio sono calciatori militanti nei cinque maggiori campionati europei. In aggiunta sono stati considerati il campionato di calcio statunitense, la fase a gironi e la fase ad eliminazione diretta delle due maggiori competizioni europee per squadre di club. Lo studio corrente ha analizzato gli infortuni da non contatto e da contatto indiretto al legamento crociato anteriore avvenuti esclusivamente durante le partite della stagione attuale, a partire dal 5 settembre 2020 fino al 18 febbraio 2021. Per la ricostruzione in 3D dell’infortunio sono state scelte le immagini delle telecamere (key frames), per ogni angolazione, a intervalli di 0.1 s a partire da 0.5 s prima del frame di infortunio fino a 0.1 s dopo l’infortunio stesso, stimato a partire dalle immagini video. Sono stati raccolti inoltre, attraverso ricerche effettuate online e l’analisi dei video, alcuni dati sul contesto in cui è avvenuto l’infortunio. Per ogni calciatore infortunato è stata effettuata la calibrazione delle telecamere per ogni angolazione e key frame. Il modello scheletrico è stato quindi traslato nello spazio di lavoro del software in modo tale che il bacino risultasse il più possibile sovrapposto a quello del calciatore sulle immagini televisive. Successivamente il modello è stato ridimensionato in modo tale da corrispondere alle dimensioni antropometriche dell’atleta stesso. Infine, sono stati esportati gli angoli delle articolazioni di bacino, anca, ginocchio e caviglia di entrambi gli arti inferiori. Risultati: gli infortuni considerati si sono quasi sempre verificati in assenza di precipitazioni. I meccanismi d’infortunio che hanno portato alla rottura del legamento crociato anteriore sono stati nel minore dei casi da non contatto, mentre da contatto indiretto 9 casi su 12 totali, il triplo rispetto ai casi da non contatto. La maggior parte degli infortuni (58.3%) è avvenuta, in zone di campo offensive. La parte del piede con cui i giocatori hanno toccato il suolo nel frame di contatto iniziale con il terreno è stata nella maggior parte dei casi il tallone (58.3%). Nel confronto con quella offensiva, la situazione di gioco difensiva è la circostanza di gioco in cui i fattori di rischio biomeccanici già noti in letteratura si sono rilevati più accentuati: l’anca, infatti, è risultata più abdotta di circa 10 gradi; la caviglia più ruotata esternamente rispetto a quella dei giocatori in fase offensiva, nel qual caso talvolta è risultata persino ruotata internamente. Discussione: la configurazione cinematica con cui l’arto, prima dell’infortunio, viene posto sul terreno è materiale su cui si possono studiare strategie preventive per aiutare, fin da giovani, i calciatori ad assumere posizioni più corrette in relazione agli impatti con il terreno. Molti infortuni “difensivi” di quelli studiati sono avvenuti nella metacampo avversaria, suggerendo come il tentativo di interrompere precocemente una transizione negativa (riconquista del possesso di palla da parte della squadra avversaria) possa più frequentemente portare a situazioni di pericolo. Visto l’aumento dei fattori di rischio, anche a livello cinematico, nella situazione di gioco difensiva, dove l’atleta si trova a reagire a stimoli estrinseci, si ipotizza un ruolo dell’aumentato carico cognitivo nell’aumentato rischio di rottura del legamento crociato anteriore. Le due situazioni di gioco (possesso e non possesso palla) in cui possono trovarsi i giocatori durante una partita di calcio comportano infatti livelli differenti di concentrazione, stress e memoria visivo/spaziale. Conclusione: questo studio presenta la maggior casistica finora analizzata di infortuni in condizioni ecologiche mediante questa tecnica. Può pertanto fornire un punto di vista innovativo per la costruzione di programmi preventivi specifici finalizzati a ridurre l’incidenza degli infortuni e salvaguardare la salute degli atleti.
Ricostruzione biomeccanica della rottura del legamento crociato anteriore nel calcio maschile d'elite
Stillavato, Susanna
2019/2020
Abstract
Introduction: anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is among the most debilitating injuries in professional football players. Most of the time it involves an absence from the pitch ranging from 9 to 12 months. Knowing the circumstances and mechanisms that lead to anterior cruciate ligament injuries is imperative to effectively design specific interventions to reduce the incidence of injury and to protect the health of athletes. In literature there are several 2D video-analysis studies on ACL injuries in football which, using television footage, allow an "in vivo" quantitative estimation of joint angles during the injury. However, this methodology has been accompanied by a more accurate technique, which works on the reconstruction and matching of a three-dimensional model reconstructed starting from the images collected from the cameras present in the sports facilities. This technique allows to evaluate more accurately the arrangement of the joints and the body in space. Such studies in football are absent in literature, with the exception of a case report. Study aim: the primary goal of this study is to analyze the kinematics of the anterior cruciate ligament rupture mechanism in professional football players through 3D reconstruction using the model-based image-matching technique. The secondary goal is to try to build a setting of factors that contribute to the injury; in particular, a comparison will be made between the biomechanical configurations of the injured players in the two possible game situations (offensive or defensive), which determine a different cognitive approach of the player to the action that leads to the injury. Methods: this study included 12 cases of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in male professional football players (21-37 years). The cases included in this study are militant footballers in the five major European leagues. In addition, the US football league, the group stage and the knockout stage of the two major European club competitions were considered. This study analyzed non-contact and indirect contact injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament that occurred exclusively during the matches of the current season, starting from September 5, 2020 until February 18, 2021. For the 3D reconstruction of the injury there were chosen the images of the cameras (key frames), for each angle, at intervals of 0.1 s starting from 0.5 s before the injury frame up to 0.1 s after the injury itself, through direct estimation thanks to the video images. Furthermore, data on the context in which injuries occurred were collected through online searches and video analysis. For each injured player, the cameras were calibrated for each angle and key frame. The skeletal model was then translated into the software workspace in such a way that the pelvis was superimposed as much as possible on that of the player on the television images. Subsequently, the model was resized in such a way to correspond to the anthropometric dimensions of the athlete himself. Finally, the angles of the pelvis, hip, knee and ankle joints of both lower limbs were exported. Results: injuries analyzed mostly occurred in the absence of rain. The injury mechanisms that led to the anterior cruciate ligament tear were in the least cases from non-contact, while from indirect contact 9 cases out of 12, three times more than in non-contact cases. Most of the injuries (58.3%) occurred in offensive areas of the pitch. The part of the foot with which the players touched the ground in the initial contact with the ground frame was in most cases the heel (58.3%). In comparison with the offensive one, the defensive game situation is the game circumstance in which the biomechanical risk factors already known in the literature were found to be more pronounced: the hip, in fact, was more abducted by about 10 degrees; the ankle rotated more externally than that of the players in the offensive phase, in which case it was even sometimes internally rotated. Discussion: the kinematic configuration with which the limb, before the injury, is placed on the ground is material on which preventive strategies can be studied to help, from an early age, the players to assume more correct positions in relation to impacts with the ground. Many "defensive" injuries of the studied cases occurred in the half-field of the opponents, suggesting that the attempt to stop a negative transition early (regaining possession of the ball by the rival team) may more frequently lead to dangerous situations. Given the increase in risk factors, also at the kinematic level, in the defensive game situation, where the athlete is reacting to extrinsic stimuli, it is hypothesized a role of the increased cognitive load in the increased risk of cruciate ligament tear. The two game situations (possession and non-possession) in which players may find themselves during a football match in fact involve different levels of concentration, stress and visual/spatial memory. Conclusion: this study presents the biggest casuistry in ecological conditions analyzed so far using this technique. Therefore, it can provide an innovative point of view for the construction of specific preventive programs aimed at reducing the incidence of injuries and protecting the health of athletes.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/173323