Tellurium (Te) is an anisotropic narrow bandgap semiconductor with exciting properties for a broad range of technologies. In the present thesis work, the growth by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) of Te thin films on silicon substrates is demonstrated. The influence of substrate, temperature and film thickness is investigated. The as-grown films are studied in situ by means of reflection- high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), ex situ by atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and reflectivity (XRR), Raman spectroscopy and grazing incidence diffraction (GID). These different characterization techniques highlight the presence of an epitaxial relation between the substrates and the films under consideration. Te grows on silicon both in form of in-plane oriented crystals and three-dimensional islands. Similar to the case of Te deposited on graphene, XRD profiles show that the [10-10] is the preferential out-of-plane direction, while GID measurements reveal the existence of in-plane rotational domains. Moreover, the phase and the orientation are constant in the range of thickness that we have explored, whereas Raman spectra exhibits variations in the vibrational properties with thickness reduction. After, we survey the geometry optimization and structural stability of Te(10-10) and (0001) trilayers on Si(111)−(√3×√3)R30°−Sb using density functional theory (DFT). The calculations predict that, in the single trilayer form, the Te(0001) trilayer slab is more stable than the Te(10-10) one.
Il tellurio (Te) è un semiconduttore dalla struttura anisotropa e bandgap sottile con proprietà affascinanti per un’ampia gamma di tecnologie. In questo lavoro di tesi viene dimostrata la crescita attraverso MBE di film sottili di tellurio su substrati di silicio. L’influenza del substrato, della temperatura e dello spessore dei film sono investigate. I film depositati sono studiati in situ attraverso RHEED, ex situ attraverso AFM, XRD, XRR, spettroscopia Raman e GID. Queste diverse tecniche di caratterizzazione evidenziano la presenza di una relazione epitassiale tra i substrati e i film considerati. Il tellurio ha la tendenza a crescere su silicio in forma sia di cristalli orientati nel piano sia di isole tridimensionali. Similmente al caso di Te depositato su grafene, le curve XRD mostrano che la direzione normale alla superficie privilegiata è la [10-10], mentre le misure GID rivelano l’esistenza di domini di rotazione nel piano. Inoltre, la fase e l’orientazione sono costanti nell’intervallo di spessori studiati, mentre gli spettri Raman mostrano variazioni nelle proprietà vibrazionali al diminuire dello spessore. Dopodiché, sono investigate l’ottimizzazione geometrica e la stabilità strutturale di tristrati di Te(10-10) e (0001) su Si(111)−(√3×√3)R30°−Sb attraverso DFT. I calcoli predicono che, in forma di singolo tristrato, il Te(0001) è più stabile del Te(10-10).
Epitaxy of two-dimensional tellurium on silicon : a combined experimental and first-principles study
Isceri, Stefania
2019/2020
Abstract
Tellurium (Te) is an anisotropic narrow bandgap semiconductor with exciting properties for a broad range of technologies. In the present thesis work, the growth by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) of Te thin films on silicon substrates is demonstrated. The influence of substrate, temperature and film thickness is investigated. The as-grown films are studied in situ by means of reflection- high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), ex situ by atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and reflectivity (XRR), Raman spectroscopy and grazing incidence diffraction (GID). These different characterization techniques highlight the presence of an epitaxial relation between the substrates and the films under consideration. Te grows on silicon both in form of in-plane oriented crystals and three-dimensional islands. Similar to the case of Te deposited on graphene, XRD profiles show that the [10-10] is the preferential out-of-plane direction, while GID measurements reveal the existence of in-plane rotational domains. Moreover, the phase and the orientation are constant in the range of thickness that we have explored, whereas Raman spectra exhibits variations in the vibrational properties with thickness reduction. After, we survey the geometry optimization and structural stability of Te(10-10) and (0001) trilayers on Si(111)−(√3×√3)R30°−Sb using density functional theory (DFT). The calculations predict that, in the single trilayer form, the Te(0001) trilayer slab is more stable than the Te(10-10) one.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/173343