The valorization of biomasses is a hot topic for the scientific research, because the implementation of circular economy is now becoming a necessity. The quantities of agricultural and ichthyic wastes created by the food industry are enormous and they are not exploited after their first usage. If there is a kind of valorization, its main goal is to produce energy or animal feed. The aim of the thesis is to demonstrate the effectiveness of biomass valorization treatments based on choline acetate-DES formulation. For lignocellulosic biomasses it was studied the behavior of Kraft cellulose (used for paper production) that contains yet hemicelluloses and lignin (~20% wt). The initial point was small-scale tests (10 mL) to optimize the operative conditions, then scaling up the process (utilizing a 5 L reactor) to verify the consistency of the obtained results. The effectiveness of the treatment was determined by the analysis of the crystallinity index (C.I.) through powder X-ray diffractometry. For the scale-up tests it was also carried out the standard test ISO 692 1982 for the determination of extracted hemicelluloses and then the holocellulose quantification . Instead, for the chitin extraction, the research was focused on the optimization of the small-scale process (10 mL), changing the operative conditions such as temperatures, DES formulations and adding co-solvents such as water and ethanol. The extracted chitin was analyzed through powder X-ray diffractometry to obtain its crystalline index, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Bradford assay to evaluate protein content. The results of both the topics demonstrate that the DES treatment is effective in the purification of biomasses without the necessity of toxic and hazardous components, standing as valid alternative of consolidated industrial processes and projecting the biomass valorization treatments into a more eco-responsible and environmental-friendly future.
La valorizzazione delle biomasse è uno dei temi più dibattuti dalla ricerca scientifica negli ultimi anni. L’economia circolare non è solo un mero studio scientifico ma ormai è diventata una necessità, vista la produzione di enormi quantità giornaliera di scarti agricoli alimentari e ittici, ottenuti dai processi di lavorazione per ottenere il cibo che arriva sulle nostre tavole. Ad oggi gli scarti, chiamati biomasse, non vengono valorizzate in modo completo dato che non hanno più un’utilità dopo il loro primo sfruttamento. Se avviene una loro valorizzazione, essa risulta solamente in produzione di energia elettrica o in produzione di mangime animale. Lo scopo della tesi è di dimostrare l’efficacia del trattamento di biomasse con DES a base di colina acetato, al fine di ottenere prodotti ad elevato valore aggiunto. Nel caso delle biomasse ligneo-cellulosiche si è studiata la purificazione della cellulosa Kraft (utilizzata per la produzione di carta) che presenta ancora un’elevata percentuale di emicellulose e lignina (~20 % wt.). I test sono stati condotti prima in piccola scala (10 mL) per ottimizzare le condizioni del processo e poi aumentando la scala utilizzando un reattore da 5 L. La cellulosa ottenuta è stata poi caratterizzata effettuando la diffrattometria ai raggi X a polveri per determinare l’indice di cristallinità (C.I.), è stata effettuata sia la prova normata ISO 692 1982 per la quantificazione dell’emicellulosa che la prova per quantificare la lignina rimanente . Per quanto riguarda l’estrazione della chitina, lo studio si è focalizzato nell’ottimizzazione del processo in piccola scala (10 mL), cambiando le condizioni operative ossia variando temperatura, DES e utilizzo di co-solventi (es. etanolo e acqua). La chitina ottenuta è stata caratterizzata effettuando la diffrattometria a raggi X a polveri per determinare il C.I., l’analisi termogravimetrica (TGA) e il saggio di Bradford per la quantificazione delle proteine. I risultati di entrambe le sezioni dimostrano come il trattamento con DES sia efficace nella purificazione delle biomasse senza l’utilizzo di solventi tossici e pericolosi per l’ambiente, ponendosi come valida alternativa ai processi consolidati. Tutto ciò potrà proiettare la valorizzazione delle biomasse in un futuro più eco-responsabile e meno impattante per l’ambiente.
Deep eutectic solvents technology for biomass valorization
BOTTON, RICCARDO
2019/2020
Abstract
The valorization of biomasses is a hot topic for the scientific research, because the implementation of circular economy is now becoming a necessity. The quantities of agricultural and ichthyic wastes created by the food industry are enormous and they are not exploited after their first usage. If there is a kind of valorization, its main goal is to produce energy or animal feed. The aim of the thesis is to demonstrate the effectiveness of biomass valorization treatments based on choline acetate-DES formulation. For lignocellulosic biomasses it was studied the behavior of Kraft cellulose (used for paper production) that contains yet hemicelluloses and lignin (~20% wt). The initial point was small-scale tests (10 mL) to optimize the operative conditions, then scaling up the process (utilizing a 5 L reactor) to verify the consistency of the obtained results. The effectiveness of the treatment was determined by the analysis of the crystallinity index (C.I.) through powder X-ray diffractometry. For the scale-up tests it was also carried out the standard test ISO 692 1982 for the determination of extracted hemicelluloses and then the holocellulose quantification . Instead, for the chitin extraction, the research was focused on the optimization of the small-scale process (10 mL), changing the operative conditions such as temperatures, DES formulations and adding co-solvents such as water and ethanol. The extracted chitin was analyzed through powder X-ray diffractometry to obtain its crystalline index, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Bradford assay to evaluate protein content. The results of both the topics demonstrate that the DES treatment is effective in the purification of biomasses without the necessity of toxic and hazardous components, standing as valid alternative of consolidated industrial processes and projecting the biomass valorization treatments into a more eco-responsible and environmental-friendly future.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/173529