Wheels aerodynamics and its contribution on road vehicle aerodynamics is one of the major topics of investigation in the automotive industry, as it is estimated that wheels contribute approximately to 25% of the aerodynamic drag in passenger cars. This thesis work focuses mainly on the effects of tire deformation on road vehicle aerodynamics using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The tires used in the simulations are generated by means of an innovative tool that is able to create complete deformed tire geometries with different load conditions. This tool is developed through a programming code and it is presented at the beginning of this work. The CFD simulations are carried out in OpenFOAM with a DDES approach for turbulence. Simulation are performed in a reproduction of a wind tunnel section considering slick and grooved tires and a closed flat rim. The rotation of the wheel is modeled using the Rotating Wall approach. The performed simulations are configured to compare different levels of deformation of the tires, including mainly a comparison between different load conditions as well as different values of tire radial stiffness. The results show that the aerodynamic performance of tires is in fact affected by deformation: high levels of deformation reduce drag (i.e. energy consumption due to air resistance) but in return an increase in lift is produced. Moreover, the wake of the wheel also undergoes changes since a smaller region of low energy air and a weaker vortex formation are observed for high deformation levels with respect to the case of having an unloaded tire.
L'aerodinamica della ruota e il suo contributo all'aerodinamica del veicolo sono uno dei più importanti temi di ricerca nel settore automotive. Le ruote contribuisco per il 25% alla resistenza aerodinamica nelle automobili. Questo lavoro di tesi studia gli effetti della deformazione delle ruote sull'aerodinamica del veicolo utilizzando simulazioni CFD. Le ruote utilizzate nelle simulazioni sono generate con uno strumento innovativo che è in grado di creare ruote deformate per differenti livelli di carico. Questo strumento viene presentato all'inizio del lavoro. Le simulazioni CFD sono state effettuate in OpenFOAM con un approccio DDES per la turbolenza. Le simulazioni considerano una riproduzione di una galleria del vento e analizzano ruote con cerchio chiuso. La rotazione della ruota è modellata con l'approccio Rotating Wall. Le simulazioni confrontano diversi livelli di deformazione per le ruote, includendo un confronto tra diverse condizioni di carico ma anche diversi valori della rigidezza radiale. I risultati mostrano che la performance aerodinamica delle ruote è influenzata dalla deformazione: grandi livelli di deformazione riducono il drag (dispendio di energia) ma contribuiscono a un aumento del lift. Inoltre, si possono rilevare delle differenze nella scia della ruota, in particolare una regione più limitata di aria a bassa energia e una più debole formazione di vortici per elevati livelli di deformazione, rispetto al caso della ruota indeformata.
Investigation of the influence of tire deformation on wheel aerodynamics
JURADO ROLDAN, MANUEL
2020/2021
Abstract
Wheels aerodynamics and its contribution on road vehicle aerodynamics is one of the major topics of investigation in the automotive industry, as it is estimated that wheels contribute approximately to 25% of the aerodynamic drag in passenger cars. This thesis work focuses mainly on the effects of tire deformation on road vehicle aerodynamics using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The tires used in the simulations are generated by means of an innovative tool that is able to create complete deformed tire geometries with different load conditions. This tool is developed through a programming code and it is presented at the beginning of this work. The CFD simulations are carried out in OpenFOAM with a DDES approach for turbulence. Simulation are performed in a reproduction of a wind tunnel section considering slick and grooved tires and a closed flat rim. The rotation of the wheel is modeled using the Rotating Wall approach. The performed simulations are configured to compare different levels of deformation of the tires, including mainly a comparison between different load conditions as well as different values of tire radial stiffness. The results show that the aerodynamic performance of tires is in fact affected by deformation: high levels of deformation reduce drag (i.e. energy consumption due to air resistance) but in return an increase in lift is produced. Moreover, the wake of the wheel also undergoes changes since a smaller region of low energy air and a weaker vortex formation are observed for high deformation levels with respect to the case of having an unloaded tire.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/173979