Used lubricating oils are hazardous waste that can cause serious problems to environment and public health if not managed properly. Underdeveloped countries with poor infrastructure and inadequate environmental regulations are the most vulnerable to the environmental consequences of inefficient management of such persistent waste. A good starting point to understand used oil management systems in such countries is through the humanitarian organizations which operate there. In collaboration with the international committee of the red cross (ICRC), this case study about the management of used oil in Kenya, South Sudan, and Democratic Republic of Congo has been carried out to understand the potential environmental impacts of current used oil management systems within the humanitarian context of ICRC, and to explore the possible ways to reduce these impacts. The assessment is carried with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology following the impact assessment method ReCiPe 2016 LCIA. Two LCA models have been built on GaBi software. The first represents South Sudan and DRC. It starts with storage and handling phase, then transportation to construction sites. In construction sites, used oil is applied on timber to prevent termite attacks. The second model represents Kenya. It starts with storage and handling phase, then used oil is transported to a re-refinery in Nairobi called Powerex to recover base oil. The first model showed high impacts in toxicity impact categories due to the anti-termite wood treatment, while the other impact categories were mainly influenced by diesel usage in the system. The second model showed a complete dominance of Powerex re-refinery in all impact categories. However, thanks to the avoided impacts from recovering valuable petroleum products, some impact indicators were negative like in fossil depletion and water eutrophication. The main contributor to the added impact of Powerex is the activated bleaching clay production which is used in the finishing phase of used oil re-refining. By comparing the two systems on the midpoint impact level, it was found that South Sudan and DRC system performs better in 11 out of 18 impact categories while Kenya performed better in the rest. On the endpoint level, Kenya showed better overall performance. The main limitation of this study is the shortage of data at some points which implied many assumptions and consequently many uncertainties. However, this can be expected given that it is the first study of its kind in eastern African context, where finding well-documented geographically representative data is a difficult challenge. This limitation should be addressed in future work by acquiring more representing data of the system to improve the models and the robustness of the results particularly in the environmental hot spots that were detected in this study like the re-refinery and the activated bleaching clay production.
Gli oli lubrificanti usati sono rifiuti pericolosi che possono causare seri problemi all'ambiente e alla salute pubblica se non gestiti adeguatamente. I paesi sottosviluppati con infrastrutture scadenti e normative ambientali inadeguate sono i più vulnerabili alle conseguenze ambientali di una gestione inefficiente di tali rifiuti persistenti. Un buon punto di partenza per comprendere i sistemi di gestione degli oli lubrificanti usati in questi paesi è attraverso le organizzazioni umanitarie che operano lì. In collaborazione con il comitato internazionale della croce rossa (CICR), questo caso di studio sulla gestione dell'olio usato in Kenya, Sud Sudan e Repubblica Democratica del Congo è stato condotto per comprendere i potenziali impatti ambientali degli attuali sistemi di gestione degli oli usati nel contesto umanitario del CICR, e di esplorare i possibili modi per ridurre questi impatti. La valutazione viene effettuata con la metodologia Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) seguendo il metodo di valutazione dell'impatto ReCiPe 2016 LCIA. Due modelli LCA sono stati costruiti sul software GaBi. Il primo rappresenta il Sud Sudan e la RDC. Inizia con la fase di stoccaggio e movimentazione, seguita dal trasporto ai cantieri. Nei cantieri, l'olio usato viene applicato sul legname per prevenire gli attacchi di termiti. Il secondo modello rappresenta il Kenya. Inizia con la fase di stoccaggio e movimentazione, quindi l'olio usato viene trasportato in una raffineria di Nairobi chiamata Powerex per recuperare l'olio di base. Il primo modello ha mostrato impatti elevati nelle categorie di impatto della tossicità a causa del trattamento anti-termite del legno, mentre le altre categorie di impatto sono state principalmente influenzate dall'utilizzo di diesel nel sistema. Il secondo modello ha mostrato una completa dominanza della raffineria Powerex in tutte le categorie di impatto. Tuttavia, grazie agli impatti evitati dal recupero di preziosi prodotti petroliferi, alcuni indicatori di impatto sono stati negativi, come l'esaurimento dei fossili e l'eutrofizzazione dell'acqua. Il principale contributo all'impatto aggiunto di Powerex è la produzione di argilla sbiancante attivata, che viene utilizzata nella fase di finitura della ri-raffinazione dell'olio usato. Confrontando gli indicatori dei due sistemi a livello midpoint, è stato riscontrato che il sistema Sud Sudan e RDC ha prestazioni migliori in 11 categorie di impatto su 18, mentre il Kenya ha ottenuto risultati migliori nelle altre. A livello endpoint, il Kenya ha mostrato prestazioni complessive migliori. Il limite principale di questo studio è la carenza di dati in alcuni punti, che ha implicato molte ipotesi e di conseguenza molte incertezze. Tuttavia, questo è prevedibile dato che si tratta del primo studio di questo tipo nel contesto dell'Africa orientale, dove trovare dati ben documentati geograficamente rappresentativi è una sfida difficile. Questa limitazione dovrebbe essere affrontata nel lavoro futuro acquisendo più dati rappresentativi del sistema, per migliorare i modelli e la robustezza dei risultati, in particolare negli hotspots ambientali rilevati in questo studio, come la raffineria e la produzione di argilla sbiancante attivata.
Life cycle assessment of used lubricating oils in humanitarian context
ELTOHAMY, HAZEM TALAAT MOHAMED MOHAMED
2019/2020
Abstract
Used lubricating oils are hazardous waste that can cause serious problems to environment and public health if not managed properly. Underdeveloped countries with poor infrastructure and inadequate environmental regulations are the most vulnerable to the environmental consequences of inefficient management of such persistent waste. A good starting point to understand used oil management systems in such countries is through the humanitarian organizations which operate there. In collaboration with the international committee of the red cross (ICRC), this case study about the management of used oil in Kenya, South Sudan, and Democratic Republic of Congo has been carried out to understand the potential environmental impacts of current used oil management systems within the humanitarian context of ICRC, and to explore the possible ways to reduce these impacts. The assessment is carried with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology following the impact assessment method ReCiPe 2016 LCIA. Two LCA models have been built on GaBi software. The first represents South Sudan and DRC. It starts with storage and handling phase, then transportation to construction sites. In construction sites, used oil is applied on timber to prevent termite attacks. The second model represents Kenya. It starts with storage and handling phase, then used oil is transported to a re-refinery in Nairobi called Powerex to recover base oil. The first model showed high impacts in toxicity impact categories due to the anti-termite wood treatment, while the other impact categories were mainly influenced by diesel usage in the system. The second model showed a complete dominance of Powerex re-refinery in all impact categories. However, thanks to the avoided impacts from recovering valuable petroleum products, some impact indicators were negative like in fossil depletion and water eutrophication. The main contributor to the added impact of Powerex is the activated bleaching clay production which is used in the finishing phase of used oil re-refining. By comparing the two systems on the midpoint impact level, it was found that South Sudan and DRC system performs better in 11 out of 18 impact categories while Kenya performed better in the rest. On the endpoint level, Kenya showed better overall performance. The main limitation of this study is the shortage of data at some points which implied many assumptions and consequently many uncertainties. However, this can be expected given that it is the first study of its kind in eastern African context, where finding well-documented geographically representative data is a difficult challenge. This limitation should be addressed in future work by acquiring more representing data of the system to improve the models and the robustness of the results particularly in the environmental hot spots that were detected in this study like the re-refinery and the activated bleaching clay production.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/174274