The case dealt with in this report relates to Oem Ali Group S.r.l., a company specializing in the design, construction and supply of pizza ovens and preparation machines. The Ali Group, of which Oem is part, is one of the main world leaders in the hospitality and professional catering market, producing and marketing the widest range of catering equipment. Given the period of crisis and the need to relaunch on the national and international market, the company starts a Kaizen project of corporate reorganization on all levels. In collaboration with a consultant from Esmach S.p.A., another company of the Group in which the project has already been launched for several years, the goal is to learn how to be more effective and develop a real technology of change. The Kaizen strategic vision is that of improvement through an infinite series of small incremental progresses; small steps, to be carried out day after day, continuously and systematically. The basis of the renewal lies in encouraging each person to make small improvements and suggestions, the overall effect of which becomes an improvement process for the entire organization. The Kaizen project is therefore a daily activity and its purpose goes beyond improvement: it is also a model that makes the workplace more humane, eliminates too hard tasks and teaches people to notice and eliminate wastes. The improvements are usually not accompanied by the use of sophisticated or expensive techniques or the use of particular materials; instead of investing a lot of money in buying new machinery or equipment, the Kaizen leads the organization to pay more attention to important details that were previously overlooked. The concept of continuous improvement is applicable on all fronts: processes, methods, work environment, relationships, can all be improved, because there is no limit to improvement. However, continuous improvement requires effective problem solving. In this report, a generic tool is introduced that can greatly improve the problem-solving skills of an organization and its members, guiding through a thorough and candid investigation of current workplace problems, encouraging collaboration among members organization and concisely documenting decisions, plans and results. The tool is called A3 report, from the paper format traditionally used. The Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle is the basic philosophy behind A3 thinking. Therefore, following this model, to successfully develop a Kaizen project, which is the theme chosen for the report, it is necessary to follow a well defined process made up of various steps, to be applied clearly one after the other. The first phase of this problem-solving process consists in documenting any information relevant to the background that may be essential to understand the extent and importance of the problem. In this chapter, therefore, the situation in which Oem operates is described, in which it produces in large quantities and with high stocks, according to the logic of mass production. However, full warehouses create inefficiencies of confusion and clutter, where materials are stored without logic between the surpluses. Space management is very bad, taking up much more than necessary. To the general confusion is also added the lack of communication and relationships between the various departments. Problems are reported but never solved, generating discontent and making the work environment increasingly tense. In the following chapter, the goal is to frame the current condition in a way that is easy to understand. It depicts the critical elements of the system or process that produced the problem. The analysis lead firstly to identify which area to subject to rapid improvement. The areas to be considered can be those in which several bottlenecks and delays are identified, the areas where the flows are very disordered and in which the performance related to quality is not up to the expectations of the customers, and the areas that have a large market or financial impact. Through the volume-regularity matrix, Oem decides to select the sectors with the highest number of sales. Therefore, the department of the square static electric ovens followed by that of machines result the first two on which to act; and are also the subject of this report. Once the suitable sector has been decided, the attention is then focused on how to eliminate a certain clearly identifiable problem, which occurs in the selected perimeter. For Oem, the problems to be faced in the two departments are the high cycle times, the high warehouse costs and the poor space management that generates traffic jams and confusion. The statement of the goal to be achieved follows. It depends on the type of problem to solve. Through the Kaizen project, Oem expects to increase turnover by 10% every year, reaching 10 million € within 5 years, compared to approximately 6.5 million € gained today. The investigation of the current condition continues in the following section, in which the root cause of the identified problem symptoms is discovered. Failing to address the root causes of the problem means it will likely recur. In this phase, the project team is dedicated to understanding the problem under study and on which to intervene, in order to have a general and shared vision of the work to be done. The tools used in this regard by Oem are the Value Stream Map, in which the value-added activities are separated from the non-value-added ones, and the Spaghetti Chart, to display the movements and the path of each operator in the assembly phases. At this point, all the information necessary to fully understand where and how to intervene on the wastes detected, the distances covered, the space occupied by the machinery, the reasons that originate the bottlenecks, the personnel dedicated to specific tasks such as pre-assembly and so on are collected. After the root cause analysis, the project team has a deep understanding of how the work is currently being done and a good understanding of the root causes of the problems encountered with the system. Now the team is ready to consider how to improve the system. Toyota calls the improvements “countermeasures” because it implies both that a specific problem is being addressed and that it is what will be used now until an even better countermeasure is discovered. Countermeasures address root causes while adhering to lean design principles. The goal is to bring the organization closer to an ideal state to provide exactly what the customer needs, safely, when needed, in the right quantity and without wastes. The first countermeasure adopted by Oem is called MUDA free. It is a process in which the operator's assembly phase is observed to identify all the hidden waste in a phase that appears to have only added value. The Daily Kaizen countermeasure follows, a daily meeting in which the heads of the various departments in question meet to discuss the problems, whose solutions are reached by following the PDCA methodology. In analysing the area under examination, to find all the ideas for improvement, the team members identify and record the problems and wastes detected. Thereafter, the study team members look together for improvement hypotheses which will then be tested and implemented. The third countermeasure implemented is that of a change in the working method, passing from mass production to production in line. Based on demand and assembly times, the number of lines and the number of stages for each line are calculated. The actual assembly times is therefore balanced between the various stages so as to make the process more fluid. Finally, downstream of each line, Oem has placed an index to monitor the daily productivity. Perhaps the most important countermeasure in terms of cost reduction is that of the supermarket. It consists in placing a decoupled warehouse upstream of the production lines in which the components are supplied according to the Kanban methodology. This process provides for the delivery of the material by suppliers on demand, according to the “full by empty” method. The supplier, having received the order, delivers the component in the established quantity, within the agreed lead time and in the appropriate container provided by Oem itself. Oem has thought of various types of containers depending on the type of component to be transported and each of these has attached a Kanban tag, containing the location at the supermarket, the code, the description and the quantity contained. This countermeasure has not yet been fully completed by Oem, which is now negotiating with its suppliers. However, all the preceding analysis has already been carried out, such as the definition of materials and containers, the sizing and organization of the supermarket, emptying the old warehouse. Finally, the last countermeasure in response to wasted space is the redefinition of the plant layout, in which, following its optimization, not only it is planned to insert another assembly line, but it is even possible to free up an empty space for better use. The phase that follows the countermeasures is that of confirming their effects, and the results obtained by Oem have been positive, noting a reduction in assembly times and warehouse costs, in line with the objectives. Finally, the Kaizen success depends on the timely completion of the improvement process and the subsequent management of the change that has taken place. A fundamental part of this activity, in fact, is the follow-up phase which must be able to ensure that the changes made are sustained and not just temporary. The team members must therefore regularly detect the performances referred to the intervention process to document the improvements obtained even in the long term. Oem immediately implemented an action plan that was periodically updated. For now, the project has involved only two departments, that of square static electric ovens and that of machines, but it is expected to intervene soon also on the other departments. Oem has begun to follow the path of the Toyota model, because in every company there is always a waste that can be eliminated, with excellent repercussions on costs. However, it is not just a simple application of methods for the elimination of wastes and an increase in profits, but also the key to a better and more peaceful work environment where everyone can express their potential. A philosophy of thought applicable to any daily action guided by a great orientation to change, in a path towards improvement aimed at a change of paradigm. “We cannot think of solving a problem with the same thought we used when we created it.” (A. Einstein)
Il caso trattato in questa relazione è relativo a Oem Ali Group S.r.l., azienda specializzata nella progettazione, costruzione e fornitura di forni per pizza e macchine per la preparazione. Il Gruppo Ali, di cui fa parte Oem, è uno dei principali leader mondiali nel mercato dell'ospitalità e della ristorazione professionale, producendo e commercializzando la più ampia gamma di attrezzature per la ristorazione. Visto il periodo di crisi e la necessità di rilanciarsi sul mercato nazionale ed internazionale, l'azienda avvia un progetto Kaizen di riorganizzazione aziendale a tutti i livelli. In collaborazione con un consulente di Esmach S.p.A., altra società del Gruppo in cui è già stato lanciato il progetto da diversi anni, l'obiettivo è imparare ad essere più efficaci e sviluppare una vera tecnologia del cambiamento. La visione strategica Kaizen è quella del miglioramento attraverso una serie infinita di piccoli progressi incrementali; piccoli passi, da compiere giorno dopo giorno, in modo continuo e sistematico. La base del rinnovamento sta nell'incoraggiare ogni persona a fare piccoli miglioramenti e suggerimenti, il cui effetto complessivo diventa un processo di miglioramento per l'intera organizzazione. Il progetto Kaizen è quindi un'attività quotidiana e il suo scopo va oltre il miglioramento: è anche un modello che rende il posto di lavoro più umano, elimina i compiti troppo difficili e insegna alle persone a notare ed eliminare gli sprechi. I miglioramenti non sono solitamente accompagnati dall'uso di tecniche sofisticate o costose o dall'uso di materiali particolari; invece di investire un sacco di soldi nell'acquisto di nuovi macchinari o attrezzature, il Kaizen guida l'organizzazione a prestare maggiore attenzione a dettagli importanti che in precedenza erano trascurati. Il concetto di miglioramento continuo è applicabile su tutti i fronti: processi, metodi, ambiente di lavoro, relazioni, possono essere migliorati, perché non c'è limite al miglioramento. Tuttavia, il miglioramento continuo richiede un'efficace risoluzione dei problemi. In questo report viene introdotto uno strumento generico che può migliorare notevolmente le capacità di problem solving di un'organizzazione e dei suoi membri, guidando attraverso un'indagine approfondita e sincera dei problemi attuali sul posto di lavoro, incoraggiando collaborazione tra i membri dell'organizzazione e documentazione concisa di decisioni, piani e risultati. Lo strumento si chiama report A3, dal formato cartaceo tradizionalmente utilizzato. Il ciclo Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) è la filosofia di base dietro il pensiero A3. Seguendo questo modello, quindi, per sviluppare con successo un progetto Kaizen, che è il tema scelto per il report, è necessario seguire un processo ben definito composto da più passaggi, da applicare in modo chiaro uno dopo l'altro. La prima fase di questo processo di risoluzione dei problemi consiste nel documentare tutte le informazioni rilevanti per il contesto che possono essere essenziali per comprendere l'entità e l'importanza del problema. In questo capitolo, quindi, viene descritta la situazione in cui opera Oem, in cui produce in grandi quantità e con scorte elevate, secondo le logiche della produzione di massa. Tuttavia, i magazzini pieni creano inefficienze di confusione e disordine, dove i materiali vengono immagazzinati senza logica tra le eccedenze. La gestione dello spazio è pessima, richiede molto più del necessario. Alla confusione generale si aggiunge anche la mancanza di comunicazione e di relazioni tra i vari reparti. I problemi vengono segnalati ma mai risolti, generando malcontento e rendendo l'ambiente di lavoro sempre più teso. Nel capitolo seguente, l'obiettivo è inquadrare la condizione attuale in un modo che sia facile da capire. Descrive gli elementi critici del sistema o del processo che ha prodotto il problema. L'analisi porta in primo luogo ad identificare quale area sottoporre a rapido miglioramento. Le aree da considerare possono essere quelle in cui si individuano più strozzature e ritardi, le aree in cui i flussi sono molto disordinati e in cui le prestazioni legate alla qualità non sono all'altezza delle aspettative dei clienti, e le aree che hanno un ampio impatto sul mercato o finanziario. Oem, attraverso la matrice volume-regolarità, decide di selezionare i settori con il maggior numero di vendite. Pertanto, il reparto dei forni elettrici statici quadrati seguito da quello delle macchine risultano i primi due su cui agire; e sono anche oggetto di questa relazione. Una volta deciso il settore idoneo, l'attenzione viene quindi focalizzata su come eliminare un certo problema chiaramente identificabile, che si manifesta nel perimetro prescelto. Per Oem i problemi da affrontare nei due reparti sono gli alti tempi ciclo, gli alti costi di magazzino e la cattiva gestione degli spazi che genera ingorghi e confusione. Segue la dichiarazione dell'obiettivo da raggiungere. Dipende dal tipo di problema da risolvere. Attraverso il progetto Kaizen, Oem prevede di aumentare il fatturato del 10% ogni anno, raggiungendo i 10 milioni di € entro 5 anni, contro i circa 6,5 milioni di € guadagnati oggi. L'indagine sulla condizione attuale continua nella sezione seguente, in cui viene scoperta la causa principale dei sintomi del problema identificati. Non riuscire ad affrontare le cause profonde del problema significa che probabilmente si ripresenterà. In questa fase il team di progetto si dedica alla comprensione del problema oggetto di studio e sul quale intervenire, al fine di avere una visione generale e condivisa del lavoro da svolgere. Gli strumenti utilizzati a tal proposito da Oem sono la Value Stream Map, in cui le attività a valore aggiunto sono separate da quelle non a valore aggiunto, e la Spaghetti Chart, per visualizzare i movimenti e il percorso di ogni operatore nel montaggio fasi. A questo punto, tutte le informazioni necessarie per comprendere appieno dove e come intervenire sui rifiuti rilevati, le distanze percorse, lo spazio occupato dai macchinari, i motivi che originano le strozzature, il personale dedicato a compiti specifici come il pre-montaggio e così via vengono raccolti. Dopo l'analisi delle cause profonde, il team di progetto ha una profonda comprensione di come il lavoro viene attualmente svolto e una buona comprensione delle cause profonde dei problemi riscontrati con il sistema. Ora il team è pronto a considerare come migliorare il sistema. Toyota chiama il miglioramenti "contromisure" perché implica sia che viene affrontato un problema specifico sia che è ciò che verrà utilizzato ora fino a quando non si scoprirà una contromisura ancora migliore. Le contromisure affrontano le cause profonde rispettando i principi del design snello. L'obiettivo è avvicinare l'organizzazione a uno stato ideale per fornire esattamente ciò di cui il cliente ha bisogno, in sicurezza, quando serve, nella giusta quantità e senza sprechi. La prima contromisura adottata da Oem si chiama MUDA free. È un processo in cui si osserva la fase di montaggio dell'operatore per identificare tutti i rifiuti nascosti in una fase che sembra avere solo valore aggiunto. Segue la contromisura del Daily Kaizen, un incontro quotidiano in cui i responsabili dei vari reparti interessati si incontrano per confrontarsi sui problemi, le cui soluzioni vengono raggiunte seguendo la metodologia PDCA. Nell'analizzare l'area in esame, per trovare tutte le idee di miglioramento, i membri del team identificano e registrano i problemi e gli sprechi rilevati. Successivamente, i membri del team di studio cercano insieme ipotesi di miglioramento che verranno poi testate e implementate. La terza contromisura implementata è quella di un cambio del metodo di lavoro, passando dalla produzione in serie alla produzione in linea. In base alla domanda e ai tempi di assemblaggio, vengono calcolati il numero di linee e il numero di fasi per ogni linea. I tempi effettivi di assemblaggio sono quindi bilanciati tra le varie fasi in modo da rendere più fluido il processo. Infine, a valle di ogni linea, Oem ha posizionato un indice per monitorare la produttività giornaliera. Forse la contromisura più importante in termini di riduzione dei costi è quella del supermercato. Consiste nel posizionare un magazzino disaccoppiato a monte delle linee di produzione in cui vengono forniti i componenti secondo la metodologia Kanban. Questo processo prevede la consegna del materiale da parte dei fornitori su richiesta, secondo il metodo “pieno a vuoto”. Il fornitore, ricevuto l'ordine, consegna il componente nella quantità stabilita, nei tempi concordati e nell'apposito contenitore fornito dalla stessa Oem. Oem ha pensato a varie tipologie di contenitori a seconda del tipo di componente da trasportare e ad ognuno di questi è applicato un cartellino Kanban, contenente l'ubicazione al supermercato, il codice, la descrizione e la quantità contenuta. Questa contromisura non è stata ancora completamente completata da Oem, che sta attualmente negoziando con i suoi fornitori. Tuttavia, tutte le analisi precedenti sono già state effettuate, come la definizione dei materiali e dei contenitori, il dimensionamento e l'organizzazione del supermercato, lo svuotamento del vecchio magazzino. Infine, l'ultima contromisura in risposta allo spreco di spazio è la ridefinizione del layout dell'impianto, in cui, a seguito della sua ottimizzazione, non solo si prevede di inserire un'altra linea di montaggio, ma è addirittura possibile liberare uno spazio vuoto per un migliore utilizzo . La fase che segue le contromisure è quella di confermarne gli effetti, ed i risultati ottenuti da Oem sono stati positivi, rilevando una riduzione dei tempi di montaggio e dei costi di magazzino, in linea con gli obiettivi. Infine, il successo del Kaizen dipende dal tempestivo completamento del processo di miglioramento e dalla successiva gestione del cambiamento avvenuto. Parte fondamentale di questa attività, infatti, è la fase di follow-up che deve essere in grado di garantire che i cambiamenti effettuati siano sostenuti e non solo temporanei. I membri del team devono quindi rilevare periodicamente le performance riferite al processo di intervento per documentare i miglioramenti ottenuti anche nel lungo periodo. Oem ha immediatamente implementato un piano d'azione che è stato periodicamente aggiornato. Per ora il progetto ha coinvolto solo due reparti, quello dei forni elettrici statici quadrati e quello delle macchine, ma si prevede di intervenire presto anche sugli altri reparti. Oem ha iniziato a seguire la strada del modello Toyota, perché in ogni azienda c'è sempre uno spreco eliminabile, con ottime ripercussioni sui costi. Tuttavia, non è solo una semplice applicazione di metodi per l'eliminazione degli sprechi e l'aumento dei profitti, ma anche la chiave per un ambiente di lavoro migliore e più sereno dove tutti possano esprimere il proprio potenziale. Una filosofia di pensiero applicabile a qualsiasi azione quotidiana guidata da un grande orientamento al cambiamento, in un percorso di miglioramento finalizzato al cambio di paradigma. "Non possiamo pensare di risolvere un problema con lo stesso pensiero che abbiamo usato quando lo abbiamo creato." (A. Einstein)
A3 methodology applied to a real case : Kaizen project in Oem Ali Group S.r.l.
QUATRALE, ALESSANDRO
2020/2021
Abstract
The case dealt with in this report relates to Oem Ali Group S.r.l., a company specializing in the design, construction and supply of pizza ovens and preparation machines. The Ali Group, of which Oem is part, is one of the main world leaders in the hospitality and professional catering market, producing and marketing the widest range of catering equipment. Given the period of crisis and the need to relaunch on the national and international market, the company starts a Kaizen project of corporate reorganization on all levels. In collaboration with a consultant from Esmach S.p.A., another company of the Group in which the project has already been launched for several years, the goal is to learn how to be more effective and develop a real technology of change. The Kaizen strategic vision is that of improvement through an infinite series of small incremental progresses; small steps, to be carried out day after day, continuously and systematically. The basis of the renewal lies in encouraging each person to make small improvements and suggestions, the overall effect of which becomes an improvement process for the entire organization. The Kaizen project is therefore a daily activity and its purpose goes beyond improvement: it is also a model that makes the workplace more humane, eliminates too hard tasks and teaches people to notice and eliminate wastes. The improvements are usually not accompanied by the use of sophisticated or expensive techniques or the use of particular materials; instead of investing a lot of money in buying new machinery or equipment, the Kaizen leads the organization to pay more attention to important details that were previously overlooked. The concept of continuous improvement is applicable on all fronts: processes, methods, work environment, relationships, can all be improved, because there is no limit to improvement. However, continuous improvement requires effective problem solving. In this report, a generic tool is introduced that can greatly improve the problem-solving skills of an organization and its members, guiding through a thorough and candid investigation of current workplace problems, encouraging collaboration among members organization and concisely documenting decisions, plans and results. The tool is called A3 report, from the paper format traditionally used. The Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle is the basic philosophy behind A3 thinking. Therefore, following this model, to successfully develop a Kaizen project, which is the theme chosen for the report, it is necessary to follow a well defined process made up of various steps, to be applied clearly one after the other. The first phase of this problem-solving process consists in documenting any information relevant to the background that may be essential to understand the extent and importance of the problem. In this chapter, therefore, the situation in which Oem operates is described, in which it produces in large quantities and with high stocks, according to the logic of mass production. However, full warehouses create inefficiencies of confusion and clutter, where materials are stored without logic between the surpluses. Space management is very bad, taking up much more than necessary. To the general confusion is also added the lack of communication and relationships between the various departments. Problems are reported but never solved, generating discontent and making the work environment increasingly tense. In the following chapter, the goal is to frame the current condition in a way that is easy to understand. It depicts the critical elements of the system or process that produced the problem. The analysis lead firstly to identify which area to subject to rapid improvement. The areas to be considered can be those in which several bottlenecks and delays are identified, the areas where the flows are very disordered and in which the performance related to quality is not up to the expectations of the customers, and the areas that have a large market or financial impact. Through the volume-regularity matrix, Oem decides to select the sectors with the highest number of sales. Therefore, the department of the square static electric ovens followed by that of machines result the first two on which to act; and are also the subject of this report. Once the suitable sector has been decided, the attention is then focused on how to eliminate a certain clearly identifiable problem, which occurs in the selected perimeter. For Oem, the problems to be faced in the two departments are the high cycle times, the high warehouse costs and the poor space management that generates traffic jams and confusion. The statement of the goal to be achieved follows. It depends on the type of problem to solve. Through the Kaizen project, Oem expects to increase turnover by 10% every year, reaching 10 million € within 5 years, compared to approximately 6.5 million € gained today. The investigation of the current condition continues in the following section, in which the root cause of the identified problem symptoms is discovered. Failing to address the root causes of the problem means it will likely recur. In this phase, the project team is dedicated to understanding the problem under study and on which to intervene, in order to have a general and shared vision of the work to be done. The tools used in this regard by Oem are the Value Stream Map, in which the value-added activities are separated from the non-value-added ones, and the Spaghetti Chart, to display the movements and the path of each operator in the assembly phases. At this point, all the information necessary to fully understand where and how to intervene on the wastes detected, the distances covered, the space occupied by the machinery, the reasons that originate the bottlenecks, the personnel dedicated to specific tasks such as pre-assembly and so on are collected. After the root cause analysis, the project team has a deep understanding of how the work is currently being done and a good understanding of the root causes of the problems encountered with the system. Now the team is ready to consider how to improve the system. Toyota calls the improvements “countermeasures” because it implies both that a specific problem is being addressed and that it is what will be used now until an even better countermeasure is discovered. Countermeasures address root causes while adhering to lean design principles. The goal is to bring the organization closer to an ideal state to provide exactly what the customer needs, safely, when needed, in the right quantity and without wastes. The first countermeasure adopted by Oem is called MUDA free. It is a process in which the operator's assembly phase is observed to identify all the hidden waste in a phase that appears to have only added value. The Daily Kaizen countermeasure follows, a daily meeting in which the heads of the various departments in question meet to discuss the problems, whose solutions are reached by following the PDCA methodology. In analysing the area under examination, to find all the ideas for improvement, the team members identify and record the problems and wastes detected. Thereafter, the study team members look together for improvement hypotheses which will then be tested and implemented. The third countermeasure implemented is that of a change in the working method, passing from mass production to production in line. Based on demand and assembly times, the number of lines and the number of stages for each line are calculated. The actual assembly times is therefore balanced between the various stages so as to make the process more fluid. Finally, downstream of each line, Oem has placed an index to monitor the daily productivity. Perhaps the most important countermeasure in terms of cost reduction is that of the supermarket. It consists in placing a decoupled warehouse upstream of the production lines in which the components are supplied according to the Kanban methodology. This process provides for the delivery of the material by suppliers on demand, according to the “full by empty” method. The supplier, having received the order, delivers the component in the established quantity, within the agreed lead time and in the appropriate container provided by Oem itself. Oem has thought of various types of containers depending on the type of component to be transported and each of these has attached a Kanban tag, containing the location at the supermarket, the code, the description and the quantity contained. This countermeasure has not yet been fully completed by Oem, which is now negotiating with its suppliers. However, all the preceding analysis has already been carried out, such as the definition of materials and containers, the sizing and organization of the supermarket, emptying the old warehouse. Finally, the last countermeasure in response to wasted space is the redefinition of the plant layout, in which, following its optimization, not only it is planned to insert another assembly line, but it is even possible to free up an empty space for better use. The phase that follows the countermeasures is that of confirming their effects, and the results obtained by Oem have been positive, noting a reduction in assembly times and warehouse costs, in line with the objectives. Finally, the Kaizen success depends on the timely completion of the improvement process and the subsequent management of the change that has taken place. A fundamental part of this activity, in fact, is the follow-up phase which must be able to ensure that the changes made are sustained and not just temporary. The team members must therefore regularly detect the performances referred to the intervention process to document the improvements obtained even in the long term. Oem immediately implemented an action plan that was periodically updated. For now, the project has involved only two departments, that of square static electric ovens and that of machines, but it is expected to intervene soon also on the other departments. Oem has begun to follow the path of the Toyota model, because in every company there is always a waste that can be eliminated, with excellent repercussions on costs. However, it is not just a simple application of methods for the elimination of wastes and an increase in profits, but also the key to a better and more peaceful work environment where everyone can express their potential. A philosophy of thought applicable to any daily action guided by a great orientation to change, in a path towards improvement aimed at a change of paradigm. “We cannot think of solving a problem with the same thought we used when we created it.” (A. Einstein)File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/174993