Intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) is a phenomenon responsible for the damage of many flexible pipelines for oil and gas transport. In particular, in submerged pipelines CO2 corrosion is notably aggressive and the development of an alloy resistant to IGSCC can be crucial to reduce maintenance costs and the risk of environmental damage in case of collapse of the structure. Many factors have an influence over IGSCC resistance and the most important are: texture, CSL and grain boundary misorientations, and residual stresses, these latter analysed in other works. For this reason, in this study a deep investigation over carbon steels used nowadays in this field has been conducted. Specifically, light optical microscope (LOM) images have been used to identify the grain structure and phases present in the alloys. Then, texture analysis was performed through electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) images and orientation distribution functions (ODFs) to understand the effect of certain crystallographic orientations over crack propagation and crack arrest. Coincidence site lattice (CSL) graphics were lastly used to correlate grain boundary misorientations to possible crack resistant features. For these purposes, an in-service cracked sample has been analysed together with two tensile armour wires and two pressure armour samples. The results highlight that {110} and {111} textures mainly with <110> and <111> orientations can be considered crack resistant, as already proved in literature for other alloys. Then also a {331} <110> texture has been found in crack arrest regions and thus can be enrolled among crystallographic orientations resistant to IGSCC. On the other hand, <100> orientation is observed in crack propagation regions and therefore, it is non-resistant to crack propagation, in particular when associated to {100} plane. From analysed data, no correlation has been found between CSLs and special resistance against IGSCC, thus concluding that texture is dominant in the determination of crack resistance properties, probably together with residual stress and strain fields that have not been investigated in this study.
ll fenomeno di intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) è responsabile di molti danni nelle tubazioni flessibili per il trasporto di idrocarburi nel settore oil and gas. Nello specifico, nelle tubazioni sommerse la corrosione causata dalla CO2 è notoriamente aggressiva e lo sviluppo di una lega resistente alla IGSCC è fondamentale per ridurre i costi di manutenzione e il rischio di un danno ambientale in caso di collasso della struttura. Molti fattori influenzano la resistenza alla IGSCC e i più importanti sono: tessitura, CSL e misorientazione dei bordi grano, e stress residui, questi ultimi valutati in altri lavori. Per questo motivo, in questo lavoro è stata condotta una attenta analisi sugli acciai al carbonio usati attualmente in questo campo. In particolare, le immagini al microscopio ottico (LOM) sono state usate per identificare la struttura dei grani e le fasi presenti in queste leghe. Successivamente, l’analisi della tessitura è stata effettuata attraverso immagini tratte dall’ electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) e attraverso le orientation distribution functions (ODFs) per comprendere l’effetto di alcune orientazioni cristallografiche sulla propagazione e sull’arresto della cricca. I grafici relativi ai coincidence site lattice (CSL) sono stati poi investigati per correlare certe misorientazioni dei bordi grano con la resistenza alla propagazione delle cricche. Per queste ragioni, un campione criccato ottenuto da tubazioni in servizio, due campioni di armatura di trazione e due campioni di armatura di pressione sono stati analizzati. I risultati ottenuti mostrano come le tessiture {110} e {111}, principalmente con orientazione <110> e <111>, possono essere considerate resistenti alle cricche, come mostrato in letteratura per altre leghe. La tessitura {331} <110> è stata trovata nelle zone di arresto della cricca e quindi è stata inserita tra le orientazioni cristallografiche resistenti alla IGSCC. In aggiunta, la direzione <100> è stata osservata nelle regioni di propagazione della cricca ed è quindi considerata non resistente alla IGSCC, soprattutto quando è associata al piano {100}. Dai dati ottenuti non è emersa correlazione tra i CSL e la resistenza alla propagazione della cricca, portando alla conclusione che la tessitura è la maggior responsabile nello sviluppo di resistenza alle cricche, probabilmente insieme agli stress residui che non sono stati analizzati in questo studio.
Texture analysis of in-service cracked and integer armour profiles for flexible pipes
Ciapparelli, Andrea
2019/2020
Abstract
Intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) is a phenomenon responsible for the damage of many flexible pipelines for oil and gas transport. In particular, in submerged pipelines CO2 corrosion is notably aggressive and the development of an alloy resistant to IGSCC can be crucial to reduce maintenance costs and the risk of environmental damage in case of collapse of the structure. Many factors have an influence over IGSCC resistance and the most important are: texture, CSL and grain boundary misorientations, and residual stresses, these latter analysed in other works. For this reason, in this study a deep investigation over carbon steels used nowadays in this field has been conducted. Specifically, light optical microscope (LOM) images have been used to identify the grain structure and phases present in the alloys. Then, texture analysis was performed through electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) images and orientation distribution functions (ODFs) to understand the effect of certain crystallographic orientations over crack propagation and crack arrest. Coincidence site lattice (CSL) graphics were lastly used to correlate grain boundary misorientations to possible crack resistant features. For these purposes, an in-service cracked sample has been analysed together with two tensile armour wires and two pressure armour samples. The results highlight that {110} and {111} textures mainly with <110> and <111> orientations can be considered crack resistant, as already proved in literature for other alloys. Then also a {331} <110> texture has been found in crack arrest regions and thus can be enrolled among crystallographic orientations resistant to IGSCC. On the other hand, <100> orientation is observed in crack propagation regions and therefore, it is non-resistant to crack propagation, in particular when associated to {100} plane. From analysed data, no correlation has been found between CSLs and special resistance against IGSCC, thus concluding that texture is dominant in the determination of crack resistance properties, probably together with residual stress and strain fields that have not been investigated in this study.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/175045