This dissertation aim is to explore and experiment in the field of 3D printed customized orthoses by developing a new device based on an innovative structure which employs multiple materials and layers. In the last decade, Additive Manufacturing tecniques found singular success in the biomedical field. They are widespread in orthodontics, to fabricate orthodontic prostheses and implants, but they have also been employed with relevant results as prototyping tools for the production of diagnostic instruments and accurate anatomical models aimed at surgery preparation, and in traumatology and orthopedics, in the form of orthotics and prosthetics. By orthosis we mean a medical device, either a brace, a splint, or similar orthopedic equipment, used in orthopedics or traumatology in the treatment of certain pathologies. It is an external device used to help the patient restore one of his functions and it differs from prosthetics since it does not replace missing body parts but rather conforms to existing ones. The definition of orthosis introduced by the International Organization for Standardization calls it an external appliance used to alter the structural or functional properties of the neuro-musculo-skeletal system. Examples of orthotics include cervical collars, splinted lumbar belts, kneepads, ankle braces, and as a whole, all immobilization devices such as plasters, splints and braces. Their function is generally to ensure relative immobilization of a joint affected by, for example, trauma, arthrosis, ligament sprains or surgical consequences. Another application of orthoses is in conjunction with rehabilitation or functional retraining. The orthosis can be used to reduce the load on a joint and pain, it can be used as a precautionary measure for osteoporosis or bone failure. Orthoses can be divided in two main categories: dynamic and functional, depending on the use for which they are indicated. They can then be divided into custom-made orthoses and standardized orthoses. A classification of the orthosis is also made according to the part of the body on which it is worn, i.e. torso, upper and lower extremities orthosis. Going more in depth, we chose to focus on immobilizations for upper extremity fractures, and to develop a custom patient-specific device that conforms as accurately as possible to the anatomy, through a combination of the latest 3D scanning and multi-material 3D printing technologies. We conceived a structure making use of materials with different properties to make it possible to control stiffness depending on the position of the fracture on the limb and to improve surface adhesion, ensuring adequate immobilization while minimizing possible discomforts. Several directions have been considered in implementing this structure: combining the use of an elastomer such as TPU inside a more rigid PLA structure to improve comfort and adhesion of the orthosis to the patient’s limb, or using a multi-layer structure, where two layers, a rigid outer layer and a flexible inner one, are used simultaneously to find the right compromise between pressure exerted on the limb, movement and immobilization.
Questa tesi si prefigge come obiettivo l’esplorazione, la sperimentazione e lo sviluppo di un dispositivo nell’ambito delle ortesi personalizzate realizzate per stampa 3D. Nell’ultimo decennio, le tecniche di Additive Manufacturing hanno riscontrato particolare successo in ambito biomedico. Sono molto diffuse in odontoiatria, per la realizzazione di protesi ortodontiche e impianti, ma sono state utilizzate con risultati rilevanti anche nella prototipazione e produzione di strumentazione diagnostica, per costruire modelli anatomici accurati in vista di un’operazione, e in traumatologia ed ortopedia, sotto forma di ortesi e protesi. Per òrtesi si intende un dispositivo medico, un tutore, un'apparecchiatura ortopedica o simili, utilizzati in ortopedia o traumatologia nel trattamento di alcune patologie. È uno strumento esterno utilizzato per aiutare il paziente in una sua funzione e si differenzia dai dispositivi protesici perché non va a sostituire una parte del corpo mancante ma a conformarsi a quelle esistenti. La definizione di ortesi introdotta dall'Organizzazione Internazionale degli Standard è dispositivo esterno utilizzato al fine di modificare le caratteristiche strutturali o funzionali dell'apparato neuro-muscolo-scheletrico. Esempi di ortesi sono i collari cervicali, le cinture lombari steccate (o busti ortopedici), le ginocchiere, le cavigliere, e in generale tutti i dispositivi di immobilizzazione come gessi, docce gessate e tutori. La loro funzione è, in genere, quella di garantire una immobilizzazione relativa di un'articolazione colpita, per esempio, da traumi, artrosi, distorsioni dei legamenti o che abbia subito un intervento chirurgico. Un altro impiego delle ortesi è quello concomitante alla riabilitazione o rieducazione funzionale. L'ortesi può essere utilizzata per ridurre il carico su un'articolazione e diminuirne il dolore e può essere adoperata a scopo preventivo in casi di osteoporosi o cedimenti ossei. Oltre che in dinamiche e funzionali, a seconda dell'impiego per cui sono indicate, le ortesi possono essere divise anche in ortesi fabbricate su misura e ortesi standardizzate. Una classificazione delle ortesi viene fatta in base alla parte del corpo su cui viene indossata: si parlerà quindi di ortesi di tronco, di arto superiore e di arto inferiore. In particolare, si è scelto di focalizzarsi sulle ortesi per l’immobilizzazione delle fratture dell’arto superiore, e di sviluppare un dispositivo su misura e il più possibile conforme all’anatomia del paziente, attraverso una combinazione delle più recenti tecnologie di scansione tridimensionale e di stampa 3D multi-materiale. Una struttura che fa uso di materiali con proprietà diverse permette di controllare la rigidezza a seconda della posizione della frattura sull’arto e di aderire meglio alla superficie, garantendo la corretta immobilizzazione e limitando al contempo possibili fastidi. Sono state considerate diverse strade nell’implementazione di questo aspetto: l’uso di un elastomero come il TPU in una struttura più rigida in PLA per favorire il comfort e l’adesione dell’ortesi all’arto del paziente, oppure una struttura multi-strato, dove due strati, uno esterno rigido, e uno interno flessibile, sono utilizzati contemporaneamente per trovare il compromesso giusto tra pressione esercitata sull’arto, flessibilità ed immobilizzazione.
Flexo. Ortesi multi-materiale stampata in 3D per le fratture dell'avambraccio
Brembilla, Andrea
2019/2020
Abstract
This dissertation aim is to explore and experiment in the field of 3D printed customized orthoses by developing a new device based on an innovative structure which employs multiple materials and layers. In the last decade, Additive Manufacturing tecniques found singular success in the biomedical field. They are widespread in orthodontics, to fabricate orthodontic prostheses and implants, but they have also been employed with relevant results as prototyping tools for the production of diagnostic instruments and accurate anatomical models aimed at surgery preparation, and in traumatology and orthopedics, in the form of orthotics and prosthetics. By orthosis we mean a medical device, either a brace, a splint, or similar orthopedic equipment, used in orthopedics or traumatology in the treatment of certain pathologies. It is an external device used to help the patient restore one of his functions and it differs from prosthetics since it does not replace missing body parts but rather conforms to existing ones. The definition of orthosis introduced by the International Organization for Standardization calls it an external appliance used to alter the structural or functional properties of the neuro-musculo-skeletal system. Examples of orthotics include cervical collars, splinted lumbar belts, kneepads, ankle braces, and as a whole, all immobilization devices such as plasters, splints and braces. Their function is generally to ensure relative immobilization of a joint affected by, for example, trauma, arthrosis, ligament sprains or surgical consequences. Another application of orthoses is in conjunction with rehabilitation or functional retraining. The orthosis can be used to reduce the load on a joint and pain, it can be used as a precautionary measure for osteoporosis or bone failure. Orthoses can be divided in two main categories: dynamic and functional, depending on the use for which they are indicated. They can then be divided into custom-made orthoses and standardized orthoses. A classification of the orthosis is also made according to the part of the body on which it is worn, i.e. torso, upper and lower extremities orthosis. Going more in depth, we chose to focus on immobilizations for upper extremity fractures, and to develop a custom patient-specific device that conforms as accurately as possible to the anatomy, through a combination of the latest 3D scanning and multi-material 3D printing technologies. We conceived a structure making use of materials with different properties to make it possible to control stiffness depending on the position of the fracture on the limb and to improve surface adhesion, ensuring adequate immobilization while minimizing possible discomforts. Several directions have been considered in implementing this structure: combining the use of an elastomer such as TPU inside a more rigid PLA structure to improve comfort and adhesion of the orthosis to the patient’s limb, or using a multi-layer structure, where two layers, a rigid outer layer and a flexible inner one, are used simultaneously to find the right compromise between pressure exerted on the limb, movement and immobilization.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/175050