Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible and progressive kidney damage over time that can further progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), a complete loss of the kidney function. When considering the adult population, CKD is a well-known health problem. Conversely, only in recent years paediatric CKD has been recognized as a non marginal issue. Although relatively rare, paediatric kidney disease is a severe clinical syndrome, which acquires peculiar and specific clinical features. In general, CKD requires a renal replacement therapy (RRT) in form of dialysis and ultimately of kidney transplantation. Pre-emptive transplantation has several benefits but in multiple situations dialysis may be necessary, sometimes acting as a bridge [16] [19]. Dialysis is an extracorporeal therapy used to purify blood from toxins, solutes and water in excess, replacing the renal function. Two types of dialysis can be performed: haemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD). Between the two, haemodialysis (HD) is the preferred choice in the treatment of about half of the children younger than 20 years of age [20]. During HD blood purification is achieved thanks to the diffusion of solutes across a semipermeable membrane. Diffusion takes place while blood is flowing inside the HD machine, where the membrane is placed. The cleansed blood is then returned to the body. The HD treatment is usually performed three times a week in hospital setting. To reach the HD machine, blood is removed from the patient by means of a vascular access. The vascular access has a strong influence on the HD outcome [10]. Ideally, a good vascular access should be able to provide the adequate flow rate with a low rate of complications and a long use-life. The choice for the right vascular access is still challenging in paediatric HD patients. Although international guidelines suggest the use of arteriovenous fistula (AVF), the majority of children is still dialysed using a central venous catheter (CVC). One important aspect to consider when dealing with paediatric HD patients is that preservation of their vascular access is a matter of extreme importance. Indeed, renal allografts have a finite lifespan, forcing the patients to many years of chronic RRT [19] [4].
Introduzione: L’insufficienza renale cronica (irc) è una condizione patologica irreversibile e progressiva nel tempo a danno dei reni. L’insufficienza renale terminale (ESRD, dall’inglese End Stage Renal Disease) rappresenta l’ultimo stadio della irc e consiste in una perdita completa della funzione renale. Quando si considera la popolazione adulta, la irc è un problema di salute ben noto. Al contrario, solo negli ultimi anni la irc pediatrica è stata riconosciuta come un problema non marginale. Sebbene relativamente rara, l’insufficienza renale pediatrica è una sindrome clinica grave, che acquisisce caratteristiche cliniche peculiari e specifiche. In generale, la irc richiede una terapia renale sostitutiva (RRT, dall’inglese Renal Replacement Therapy) sotto forma di dialisi e infine di trapianto. Il trapianto preventivo ha molteplici vantaggi, tuttavia la dialisi si rende necessaria in diverse situazioni, fungendo talvolta da ponte. La dialisi è una terapia extracorporea utilizzata per purificare il sangue da tossine, soluti e acqua in eccesso, sostituendo la funzione renale. Si distinguono due tipi di dialisi: emodialisi e dialisi peritoneale. In particolare, l’emodialisi viene scelta per il trattamento di circa la metà dei pazienti di età inferiore ai 20 anni. Durante l’emodialisi, la purificazione del sangue avviene grazie alla diffusione dei soluti attraverso una membrana semipermeabile. Tale processo di filtrazione ha luogo durante il passaggio del sangue nel macchinario per dialisi, al cui interno è posizionata la membrana. Il sangue purificato viene quindi immesso nuovamente nel corpo del paziente. Il trattamento dialitico viene solitamente eseguito tre volte a settimana in ambiente ospedaliero. Per raggiungere il macchinario per dialisi, il sangue viene prelevato dal paziente mediante un accesso vascolare. L’accesso vascolare ha una forte influenza sull’esito del trattamento. Idealmente, un buon accesso vascolare dovrebbe essere in grado di fornire una portata di sangue adeguata con un basso tasso di complicazioni. Avere una lunga durata è un altro importante requisito. La scelta del giusto accesso vascolare è ancora difficile quando si tratta di pazienti pediatrici in emodialisi. Sebbene le linee guida internazionali suggeriscano l’uso della fistola artero-venosa (fav), la maggior parte dei bambini viene ancora dializzata usando un catetere per emodialisi, noto anche come catetere venoso centrale (CVC). Nei pazienti pediatrici, la conservazione dell’accesso vascolare ha estrema importanza. Infatti, gli organi da donatore hanno una durata limitata, costringendo i pazienti a molti anni di RRT cronica.
Computational characterization of fluid-dynamics in catheters for paediatric dialysis
Bruno, Claudia
2019/2020
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible and progressive kidney damage over time that can further progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), a complete loss of the kidney function. When considering the adult population, CKD is a well-known health problem. Conversely, only in recent years paediatric CKD has been recognized as a non marginal issue. Although relatively rare, paediatric kidney disease is a severe clinical syndrome, which acquires peculiar and specific clinical features. In general, CKD requires a renal replacement therapy (RRT) in form of dialysis and ultimately of kidney transplantation. Pre-emptive transplantation has several benefits but in multiple situations dialysis may be necessary, sometimes acting as a bridge [16] [19]. Dialysis is an extracorporeal therapy used to purify blood from toxins, solutes and water in excess, replacing the renal function. Two types of dialysis can be performed: haemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD). Between the two, haemodialysis (HD) is the preferred choice in the treatment of about half of the children younger than 20 years of age [20]. During HD blood purification is achieved thanks to the diffusion of solutes across a semipermeable membrane. Diffusion takes place while blood is flowing inside the HD machine, where the membrane is placed. The cleansed blood is then returned to the body. The HD treatment is usually performed three times a week in hospital setting. To reach the HD machine, blood is removed from the patient by means of a vascular access. The vascular access has a strong influence on the HD outcome [10]. Ideally, a good vascular access should be able to provide the adequate flow rate with a low rate of complications and a long use-life. The choice for the right vascular access is still challenging in paediatric HD patients. Although international guidelines suggest the use of arteriovenous fistula (AVF), the majority of children is still dialysed using a central venous catheter (CVC). One important aspect to consider when dealing with paediatric HD patients is that preservation of their vascular access is a matter of extreme importance. Indeed, renal allografts have a finite lifespan, forcing the patients to many years of chronic RRT [19] [4].File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/175501