This thesis work proposes the study of the most relevant microclimatic and contamination conditions for the conservation of the famous work of art “The Last Supper” by Leonardo da Vinci, located in the Refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie, including temperature, humidity, particulate matter and gaseous contaminants. In addition to emphasizing the main critical issues, it is also important to highlight how favourable climatic conditions are closely connected to the materials involved in the analysis and the artwork’s state of conservation. The overall objective is to describe the current indoor microclimatic conditions and the monitoring strategies now employed in the Refectory. Subsequently, improvements to be pursued for a more complete assessment of the state of the painting and the degradation phenomena are addressed. As a result of the historical data of PM10, temperature and relative humidity analysis, it has been observed that the HVAC system allows to maintain stable and constantly controlled indoor environmental conditions. In addition, the relationship between indoor and outdoor particulate concentrations has been investigated. From the study it is emerging a need to improve the indoor and outdoor monitoring system; in fact a higher instrumental resolution and the characterisation of different size fractions allows to describe more completely the behaviour of airborne particles in the Refectory. The introduction of an outdoor monitoring system close to the Refectory provides a more detailed knowledge of the particulate concentrations than the reference ARPA stations located in different areas of Milan. Furthermore, this study proposes to upgrade the monitoring system introducing a sensor allowing to measure the particle deposition rate together with the airborne particle concentration. An other interesting improvement could be to add gaseous contaminants sensors, which provide additional information on environmental contamination inside the Refectory. The use of particle deposition rate, as far as we know, is not used in the preservation of artworks, therefore the experiences made in cleanrooms have been investigated in order to describe possible sampling methods and expected results and difficulties. As far as the monitoring of gaseous contaminants is concerned, the main measurement technologies and the most relevant chemical species for the conservation of the Cenacolo were identified. A simplified model of the indoor spaces and of the mechanical ventilation system using the CONTAM software is proposed and is used in order to study the possible correlation between the rate of increase of particulate matter and of absolute humidity in the diurnal transients, in order to identify the relevance of possible sources of particulate matter and humidity. The correlation and the model could be integrated into future data analyses and as further confirmation of the proper functioning of the HVAC system. Finally, the same CONTAM model has allowed to evaluate the behaviour of the new Air Purifier as the levels of internal particulate generation vary. In particular, it has been demonstrated, with the identification of a suitable operation area, that a modulation of the airflow rate could lead to better preservation results compared to the current operation at a constant volumetric flow rate. For a proper variation of the air flow rate, the particulate matter concentration has been identified as the most representative contaminant for Air Purifier control.
Il presente lavoro di tesi propone lo studio delle condizioni microclimatiche e di contaminazione più rilevanti per la conservazione della famosa opera d’arte “L’Ultima Cena” di Leonardo da Vinci, collocata nel Refettorio di Santa Maria delle Grazie, ovvero temperatura, umidità, particolato e contaminanti gassosi. L’identificazione di tali parametri è basata sulle indicazioni e sulle procedure esistenti e su una ricerca bibliografica relativa ai principali meccanismi di degrado delle opere d’arte. Oltre ad enfatizzare le principali criticità, è stato importante valorizzare come le condizioni climatiche favorevoli siano strettamente legate ai materiali coinvolti nell’analisi ed allo stato di conservazione dell’opera. L’obiettivo complessivo si articola nella descrizione delle condizioni microclimatiche indoor attuali e delle strategie di monitoraggio ora disponibili nel Refettorio. Successivamente, sono affrontati i miglioramenti da perseguire per una più completa valutazione dello stato del dipinto e dei fenomeni di degrado. A valle di un’analisi dei dati storici di PM10, temperatura e umidità relativa è stato evidenziato come il funzionamento del sistema HVAC presente permetta di mantenere condizioni interne stabili e costantemente controllate. Inoltre, la relazione tra concentrazioni di particolato indoor e outdoor è stato analizzata. La necessità di migliorare il sistema di monitoraggio indoor e outdoor è emersa, infatti una maggiore risoluzione strumentale e la caratterizzazione di diverse frazioni dimensionali permette di descrivere il comportamento delle particelle aerodisperse nella sala principale in modo più completo. L’introduzione di uno strumento di monitoraggio outdoor nei pressi del Refettorio permette di avere una conoscenza delle concentrazioni di particolato più verosimile rispetto alle stazioni ARPA poste in diverse zone di Milano. Inoltre, è stato ritenuto necessario introdurre il monitoraggio di deposizione del particolato e contaminanti gassosi, i quali forniscono ulteriori informazioni sulla contaminazione nell’ambiente interno al Refettorio. In assenza di indicazioni precise riguardo la deposizione di particolato sulle superfici, è stata studiata la realtà delle camere bianche, in modo tale da affrontare le difficoltà nel descrivere il fenomeno ed i possibili metodi di campionamento. Per quanto riguarda il monitoraggio dei contaminanti gassosi, sono state individuate le principali tecnologie di misura e le specie chimiche più rilevanti ai fini della conservazione del Cenacolo. Tramite l’ausilio del software CONTAM e la validazione del modello creato, è stata individuata una correlazione tra il tasso di aumento di particolato e umidità assoluta nei transitori mattutini, per evidenziare la rilevanza delle possibili sorgenti di particolato ed umidità. Essa può essere integrata in analisi di dati futuri come ulteriore conferma del buon funzionamento del sistema HVAC. Inoltre, il medesimo modello ha permesso di valutare il comportamento dell’Air Purifier al variare dei livelli di generazione di particolato interno. In particolare, è stato evidenziato, con l’identificazione di un’opportuna area di utilizzo, che una modulazione della portata d’aria porti maggiori benefici rispetto all’attuale funzionamento a portata volumetrica costante. Per un’opportuna variazione della portata d’aria, il particolato è stato identificato come il contaminante più rappresentativo per il controllo dell’Air Purifier.
Leonardo's Last Supper : monitoring, assessment and improvement of the existing situation and of the ventilation control strategies
Maggioni, Emanuele;Guarrella, Luca
2019/2020
Abstract
This thesis work proposes the study of the most relevant microclimatic and contamination conditions for the conservation of the famous work of art “The Last Supper” by Leonardo da Vinci, located in the Refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie, including temperature, humidity, particulate matter and gaseous contaminants. In addition to emphasizing the main critical issues, it is also important to highlight how favourable climatic conditions are closely connected to the materials involved in the analysis and the artwork’s state of conservation. The overall objective is to describe the current indoor microclimatic conditions and the monitoring strategies now employed in the Refectory. Subsequently, improvements to be pursued for a more complete assessment of the state of the painting and the degradation phenomena are addressed. As a result of the historical data of PM10, temperature and relative humidity analysis, it has been observed that the HVAC system allows to maintain stable and constantly controlled indoor environmental conditions. In addition, the relationship between indoor and outdoor particulate concentrations has been investigated. From the study it is emerging a need to improve the indoor and outdoor monitoring system; in fact a higher instrumental resolution and the characterisation of different size fractions allows to describe more completely the behaviour of airborne particles in the Refectory. The introduction of an outdoor monitoring system close to the Refectory provides a more detailed knowledge of the particulate concentrations than the reference ARPA stations located in different areas of Milan. Furthermore, this study proposes to upgrade the monitoring system introducing a sensor allowing to measure the particle deposition rate together with the airborne particle concentration. An other interesting improvement could be to add gaseous contaminants sensors, which provide additional information on environmental contamination inside the Refectory. The use of particle deposition rate, as far as we know, is not used in the preservation of artworks, therefore the experiences made in cleanrooms have been investigated in order to describe possible sampling methods and expected results and difficulties. As far as the monitoring of gaseous contaminants is concerned, the main measurement technologies and the most relevant chemical species for the conservation of the Cenacolo were identified. A simplified model of the indoor spaces and of the mechanical ventilation system using the CONTAM software is proposed and is used in order to study the possible correlation between the rate of increase of particulate matter and of absolute humidity in the diurnal transients, in order to identify the relevance of possible sources of particulate matter and humidity. The correlation and the model could be integrated into future data analyses and as further confirmation of the proper functioning of the HVAC system. Finally, the same CONTAM model has allowed to evaluate the behaviour of the new Air Purifier as the levels of internal particulate generation vary. In particular, it has been demonstrated, with the identification of a suitable operation area, that a modulation of the airflow rate could lead to better preservation results compared to the current operation at a constant volumetric flow rate. For a proper variation of the air flow rate, the particulate matter concentration has been identified as the most representative contaminant for Air Purifier control.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
2021_04_Guarrella_Maggioni.pdf
non accessibile
Dimensione
5.6 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
5.6 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in POLITesi sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/10589/175737