This thesis presents the experimental characterisation of the composite materials’ mechanical properties to analyse damage tolerance for rotorcraft applications. More elaborately, the thesis can be categorised into basic characterisation that involves realising the strength of the glass and carbon reinforced polymeric matrix composites and damage characterisation, which involves examining the phenomenon of transverse matrix cracking. Further significantly, the effect of humidity absorption on the mechanical properties is investigated for composite materials considered here. This project includes primarily achieving the required specimens of both carbon and glass with the necessary lamination sequence according to ASTM standards. The particular mechanical properties are acquired by tensile, shear and compression testing and segregating specimens into matrix dominated (90°and 45°oriented) specimens and fibre direction (0°oriented) specimens. The transverse matrix cracking is scrutinized by the tensile tests on cross-ply laminates to detect the evolution of transverse crack densities, and two distinct methods are followed, namely Edge Replication and Image Evaluation on both the material for confirmation. Finally, the laboratory non-ambient moisture conditioning in a water immersion tank at a prescribed constant temperature of 70°C is carried out to obtain wet specimens. Carbon evolved as an excellent material with significant strength and stiffness in the longitudinal and transverse directions and better shear properties than its counterpart Glass. It is established that the humidity absorption does not affect the fibre-oriented specimens but greatly affects the matrix dominated properties. The edge replication proved to be the effective approach to measure the transverse matrix cracking, and both glass and carbon experienced saturation of crack density after certain loading. The wet (0/90)ns specimens result depicted the typical effect of reduction of strength in moisture absorbed specimens with transverse matrix cracking. In addition, some delaminations were absorbed in the carbon specimens investigated using SEM that may be the reason for the saturation of crack density in specimens.
Questa tesi presenta la caratterizzazione sperimentale delle proprietà meccaniche dei materiali compositi allo scopo di analizzare la tolleranza al danno per applicazioni elicotteristiche. La tesi può essere classificata in caratterizzazione di base, che comporta la realizzazione della resistenza dei compositi a matrice polimerica rinforzata con vetro e carbonio, e la caratterizzazione del danno, che comporta l’esame del fenomeno della fessurazione trasversale della matrice. Viene inoltre studiato l’effetto dell’assorbimento di umidità sulle proprietà meccaniche. Questo progetto prevede la realizzazione di provini sia in fibra di carbonio che in fibra di vetro con caratteristiche in accordo con gli standard ASTM. Le particolari proprietà meccaniche vengono acquisite mediante prove di trazione, taglio e compressione su provini con fibre orientate a 0°, 45° e 90°. La fessurazione della matrice trasversale viene esaminata mediante prove di trazione su laminati 0n/90n/0n per rilevare l’evoluzione delle densità di cricche trasversali, a questo scopo vengono usati due metodi: metodo della replica mediante acetato di cellulosa e metodo visivo mediante fotocamera. Allo scopo di studiare l’effetto dell’assorbimento di umidità alcuni provini sono stati condizioni mediante immersione in acqua a 70°C e infine testati. Il carbonio si è dimostrato un materiale eccellente con una notevole resistenza e rigidità nelle direzioni longitudinale e trasversale con migliori proprietà di taglio rispetto alla fibra di vetro. L’assorbimento dell’umidità non influisce sui campioni a fibra orientata a 0° ma influisce notevolmente sulle proprietà dominate dalla matrice. La replica con acetato di cellulosa si è rivelata efficace per misurare la fessurazione della matrice trasversale e sia il vetro che il carbonio hanno sperimentato la saturazione della densità di cricca dopo un determinato carico. Il risultato dei campioni bagnati (0/90)ns ha mostrato l’effetto tipico della riduzione della resistenza nei campioni assorbiti dall’umidità con fessurazione trasversale della matrice.Alcune delaminazioni sono state riscontrate nei campioni di carbonio analizzati al SEM, le quali potrebbero essere la ragione della saturazione della densità di cricca nei provini testati.
Experimental characterization of strength and progressive damage accumulation of composite materials for helicopter blades
Valageredoddi Chikkaswamy, Suhruth Mourya
2020/2021
Abstract
This thesis presents the experimental characterisation of the composite materials’ mechanical properties to analyse damage tolerance for rotorcraft applications. More elaborately, the thesis can be categorised into basic characterisation that involves realising the strength of the glass and carbon reinforced polymeric matrix composites and damage characterisation, which involves examining the phenomenon of transverse matrix cracking. Further significantly, the effect of humidity absorption on the mechanical properties is investigated for composite materials considered here. This project includes primarily achieving the required specimens of both carbon and glass with the necessary lamination sequence according to ASTM standards. The particular mechanical properties are acquired by tensile, shear and compression testing and segregating specimens into matrix dominated (90°and 45°oriented) specimens and fibre direction (0°oriented) specimens. The transverse matrix cracking is scrutinized by the tensile tests on cross-ply laminates to detect the evolution of transverse crack densities, and two distinct methods are followed, namely Edge Replication and Image Evaluation on both the material for confirmation. Finally, the laboratory non-ambient moisture conditioning in a water immersion tank at a prescribed constant temperature of 70°C is carried out to obtain wet specimens. Carbon evolved as an excellent material with significant strength and stiffness in the longitudinal and transverse directions and better shear properties than its counterpart Glass. It is established that the humidity absorption does not affect the fibre-oriented specimens but greatly affects the matrix dominated properties. The edge replication proved to be the effective approach to measure the transverse matrix cracking, and both glass and carbon experienced saturation of crack density after certain loading. The wet (0/90)ns specimens result depicted the typical effect of reduction of strength in moisture absorbed specimens with transverse matrix cracking. In addition, some delaminations were absorbed in the carbon specimens investigated using SEM that may be the reason for the saturation of crack density in specimens.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/177264