The focus of the present thesis revolves around the question of sustainability in using wood as building material, through the perspective of the Life Cycle Assessment methodology. The origin of this investigation is connected to the existing veil of ambiguity surrounding the exploitation of this natural resource. While on one side, the multitude of socio-economic and environmental benefits deriving from timber products seem to appoint it as solution for enhancing sustainability in the built environment, at the same time the possible impacts reflected in forest loss, intensive processes and use of toxic substances for achieving highly performant products all contribute to create an ambiguous frame. In order for a higher level of clarity to be reached, Life Cycle Assessment can make a significant contribution. Following this premise, the research was developed starting by taking into consideration existing literature published in the past few decades in the form of academic papers, scientific reports and publications, all obtainable via online searching. Data was gathered by relying especially on quantified information from Life Cycle Assessment articles and Environmental Product Declarations inherent to timber products for the construction sector. Environmental issues have been investigated through a distinction between the individual timber products and their behaviour as construction systems. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to the general scale of wood as building material. The relationship between this choice and sustainable development in the construction sector is explored together with an attempt at understanding the increase in the use of timber following promotion activities. The application of Life Cycle Assessment to wood is another addressed aspect, with the resulting creation of Environmental Product Declarations. Part II focuses on the level of the timber products. In order to maintain a clear structure, the selected content based on the resources already stated is reported considering the three main phases of the life cycle of the components, starting from the supply point of the forest, going through the manufacturing, the use phase and finally the end-of-life scenarios. Starting from existing data, considerations are drawn by highlighting implications in terms of socio-economic and environmental terms. The final chapter of this part summarizes the analysis regarding a series of aspects of the life cycle as a whole. In Part III, the point of view zooms out from wood-based components seen as individual parts, concentrating the analysis onto the greater scale, that is of the building. First of all, an analysis related to how buildings as whole systems are evaluated is a necessary step which allows an overview on the state of art in terms of aims, construction systems and impact categories considered. Following this analysis, implications over design choices are explored throughout the resulting data which has been systematically rendered through comparison tables.
L’oggetto al centro dell’attenzione di questa tesi riguarda la questione della sostenibilità legata all’uso del legno come materiale per la costruzione, attraverso la prospettiva della metodologia Life Cycle Assessment. Il punto di partenza di questa indagine è connesso all’esistente velo di ambiguità che circonda l’impiego di questa risorsa naturale. Mentre da un lato, i numerosi benefici socio-economici e ambientali derivanti dai prodotti in legno sembrano indicarli come soluzione nel rafforzare la sostenibilità dell’ambiente costruito, allo stesso tempo i possibili impatti in termini di perdita delle foreste, processi intensivi e uso di sostanze tossiche per ottenere prodotti altamente performanti sono tutti fattori che contribuiscono a creare un quadro di ambiguità. Un contributo significativo può essere apportato attraverso l’applicazione del metodo Life Cycle Assessment, al fine di raggiungere un livello più alto di chiarezza. Con questa premessa, la ricerca si è sviluppata a partire dalla considerazione della letteratura esistente, pubblicata negli ultimi decenni sotto forma di paper accademici, report scientifici e pubblicazioni, tutta documentazione ottenibile attraverso fonti disponibili in internet. I dati sono stati racccolti specialmente facendo affidamento a informazioni quantificate provenienti da studi incentrati sul Life Cycle Assessment e sulle Dichiarazioni Ambientali di Prodotto inerenti alle componenti in legno per il settore delle costruzioni. Le questioni ambientali sono state indagate attraverso una distinzione tra la scala del prodotto nella sua individualità e il suo comportamento come parte di un sistema costruttivo. La prima parte è dedicata alla scala generale del legno come materiale da costruzione. Il rapporto tra questa scelta e lo sviluppo sostenibile del settore costruttivo viene esplorato insieme al tentativo di capire l’incremento legato all’uso del legno in seguito ad attività di promozione. L’applicazione del Life Cycle Assessment al legno è un ulteriore argomento trattato, che porta alla creazione delle Dichiarazioni Ambientali di Prodotto. La Parte II si concentra sulla scala del prodotto. Al fine di mantenere una struttura chiara, i contenuti selezionati sulla base delle risorse precedentemente menzionate, viene riportato considerando le tre principali fasi del ciclo di vita delle componenti, a cominciare dalla fase riguardante l’approvvigionamento dalla foresta, attraversando la lavorazione, la fase d’uso e concludendo con gli scenari a fine vita. A partire dai dati esistenti, le considerazioni vengono riportate evidenziando implicazioni in termini socio-economici e ambientali. Il capitolo finale di questa parte riassume l’analisi riguardo a una serie di aspetti del ciclo di vita nell’insieme. Nella Parte III, il punto di vista si ingrandisce rispetto alla considerazione dei prodotti in legno come parti individuali e concentra l’analisi sulla scala più larga, ovvero quella dell’edificio. Innanzitutto, è stata necessaria un’analisi sulle modalità in cui l’edificio come sistema unico viene valutato. Questo permette uno sguardo sullo stato dell’arte in termini di obbiettivi, sistemi costruttivi e categorie d’impatto considerate. A seguito di questa analisi, implicazioni a livello progettuale vengono esplorate attraverso i risultanti dati, i quali sono stati riportati sistematicamente attraverso tabelle comparative.
Unbiasing wood. Environmental and design implications of timber use in architecture, from a life cycle assessment perspective
Archip, Andra Madalina
2020/2021
Abstract
The focus of the present thesis revolves around the question of sustainability in using wood as building material, through the perspective of the Life Cycle Assessment methodology. The origin of this investigation is connected to the existing veil of ambiguity surrounding the exploitation of this natural resource. While on one side, the multitude of socio-economic and environmental benefits deriving from timber products seem to appoint it as solution for enhancing sustainability in the built environment, at the same time the possible impacts reflected in forest loss, intensive processes and use of toxic substances for achieving highly performant products all contribute to create an ambiguous frame. In order for a higher level of clarity to be reached, Life Cycle Assessment can make a significant contribution. Following this premise, the research was developed starting by taking into consideration existing literature published in the past few decades in the form of academic papers, scientific reports and publications, all obtainable via online searching. Data was gathered by relying especially on quantified information from Life Cycle Assessment articles and Environmental Product Declarations inherent to timber products for the construction sector. Environmental issues have been investigated through a distinction between the individual timber products and their behaviour as construction systems. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to the general scale of wood as building material. The relationship between this choice and sustainable development in the construction sector is explored together with an attempt at understanding the increase in the use of timber following promotion activities. The application of Life Cycle Assessment to wood is another addressed aspect, with the resulting creation of Environmental Product Declarations. Part II focuses on the level of the timber products. In order to maintain a clear structure, the selected content based on the resources already stated is reported considering the three main phases of the life cycle of the components, starting from the supply point of the forest, going through the manufacturing, the use phase and finally the end-of-life scenarios. Starting from existing data, considerations are drawn by highlighting implications in terms of socio-economic and environmental terms. The final chapter of this part summarizes the analysis regarding a series of aspects of the life cycle as a whole. In Part III, the point of view zooms out from wood-based components seen as individual parts, concentrating the analysis onto the greater scale, that is of the building. First of all, an analysis related to how buildings as whole systems are evaluated is a necessary step which allows an overview on the state of art in terms of aims, construction systems and impact categories considered. Following this analysis, implications over design choices are explored throughout the resulting data which has been systematically rendered through comparison tables.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/177683