In recent years there has been a continuing and growing interest in all those initiatives aimed at making the road transportation sector more environmentally sustainable. The decarbonisation trend, in fact, is nowadays the main manifesto of these initiatives, but also other atmospheric pollutants must be taken into account, i.e. NOx, SO2 and PM. From this assumption comes this thesis work, whose objective is to build a comparative analysis framework aimed at determining CO2eq, NOx, SO2 and PM emissions at all stages of the fuel and vehicle life cycle following a “cradle to grave” logic. The basis of the thesis work was the analysis of numerous literature documents that represent the state of the art in this field. In this sense, both the phases of the vehicle life cycle (material extraction, manufacturing & assembly, transportation, use phase and end of life) and of the fuel life cycle (WTT and TTW) were analysed in detail, in order to gain a complete and structured overview. Based on this literature review, a comparative assessment model was therefore built in order to track CO2eq, NOx, SO2 and PM emissions for 29 different scenarios representing as many vehicle models. Finally, the results of this analysis were then subjected to a sensitivity analysis in order to assess both future scenarios, e.g. in terms of hydrogen production or electricity generation, and the robustness of the results themselves. It has been shown that trends in CO2eq emissions are not replicated for other emission factors. Greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by introducing vehicles that use alternative fuels or electricity as energy carriers, but this is not always the case for NOx, SO2 and PM emissions. However, in general, the results showed that emissions increase “as the vehicle segment increases”, that the powertrain of BEVs, PHEVs and FCEVs is more impactful in terms of emissions than other vehicle types, and that “non-exhausted PM” emissions are highly relevant for all passenger cars. Finally, it was also pointed out that a greater penetration of renewable resources can lead to a decrease in all emission factors, except PM.
Il trend di decarbonizzazione è oggi il principale manifesto per rendere il settore del trasporto su strada sempre più sostenibile a livello ambientale, ma anche altri inquinanti atmosferici devono essere tenuti in considerazione (NOx, SO2 and PM). Da questo presupposto nasce questo lavoro di tesi, il cui scopo è quello di costruire un modello di analisi comparativo volto a determinare le emissioni di CO2eq, NOx, SO2 e PM in tutte le fasi del ciclo di vita del combustibile e dei veicoli seguendo una logica “dalla culla alla tomba”. Alla base del lavoro di tesi c’è l’analisi di numerosi documenti di letteratura, volta ad analizzare sia le fasi del ciclo di vita del veicolo (estrazione dei materiali, fabbricazione & assemblaggio, trasporto, utilizzo e fine vita) che del combustibile (WTT e TTW), in maniera da avere una visione complessiva completa e strutturata. Partendo da quest’analisi, è stato perciò costruito un modello di valutazione comparativo al fine di tracciare le emissioni di CO2eq, NOx, SO2 e PM per ben 29 differenti scenari che rappresentano altrettanti modelli di automobili. I risultati di questi scenari, sono stati poi sottoposti ad un analisi di sensitività al fine di valutare sia scenari futuri, ad esempio in termini di produzione di idrogeno o generazione di energia elettrica, che la robustezza dei risultati stessi. È stato quindi dimostrato che quelli che sono i trend relativi alle emissioni di CO2eq, non sono replicati anche per gli altri fattori emissivi. Le emissioni di gas serra, infatti, possono essere ridotte andando a introdurre veicoli che utilizzano combustibili alternativi, ma non è sempre così per le emissioni di NOx, SO2 e PM. In generale, però, dai risultati è emerso come le emissioni aumentino “all’aumentare” del segmento dei veicoli, che il sistema propulsore dei veicoli BEV, PHEV e FCEV sia più impattante in termini di emissioni rispetto alle altre tipologie di vetture e che le emissioni di “PM non-exhausted” sono estremamente rilevanti per tutte le automobili. È stato anche rilevato come una maggior penetrazione di risorse rinnovabili può portare ad una diminuzione di tutti i fattori emissivi, ad esclusione dei PM.
A comparative LCA evaluation framework for air pollutant and GHG emissions of passenger cars
Musazzi, Andrea
2020/2021
Abstract
In recent years there has been a continuing and growing interest in all those initiatives aimed at making the road transportation sector more environmentally sustainable. The decarbonisation trend, in fact, is nowadays the main manifesto of these initiatives, but also other atmospheric pollutants must be taken into account, i.e. NOx, SO2 and PM. From this assumption comes this thesis work, whose objective is to build a comparative analysis framework aimed at determining CO2eq, NOx, SO2 and PM emissions at all stages of the fuel and vehicle life cycle following a “cradle to grave” logic. The basis of the thesis work was the analysis of numerous literature documents that represent the state of the art in this field. In this sense, both the phases of the vehicle life cycle (material extraction, manufacturing & assembly, transportation, use phase and end of life) and of the fuel life cycle (WTT and TTW) were analysed in detail, in order to gain a complete and structured overview. Based on this literature review, a comparative assessment model was therefore built in order to track CO2eq, NOx, SO2 and PM emissions for 29 different scenarios representing as many vehicle models. Finally, the results of this analysis were then subjected to a sensitivity analysis in order to assess both future scenarios, e.g. in terms of hydrogen production or electricity generation, and the robustness of the results themselves. It has been shown that trends in CO2eq emissions are not replicated for other emission factors. Greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by introducing vehicles that use alternative fuels or electricity as energy carriers, but this is not always the case for NOx, SO2 and PM emissions. However, in general, the results showed that emissions increase “as the vehicle segment increases”, that the powertrain of BEVs, PHEVs and FCEVs is more impactful in terms of emissions than other vehicle types, and that “non-exhausted PM” emissions are highly relevant for all passenger cars. Finally, it was also pointed out that a greater penetration of renewable resources can lead to a decrease in all emission factors, except PM.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/177820