It is widely reported that the renovation and occupation of buildings contribute one-third of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and more than 40% of global energy use. As population growth and migration to urban areas continue to necessitate the construction of new housing, the housing sector is an easy target for mitigation through GHG policy initiatives. In fact, the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change identified the building sector as the area with the most potential to deliver long-term and cost-effective GHG reduction. Building codes and other standards are one means of mandating efficiency, but these codes should take into account the true impact of the home throughout its life cycle. The means to quantifying environmental impacts as well as estimating potential reductions is often done through life cycle assessment (LCA). LCA is a broadly accepted technique for estimating the environmental impacts (such as CO2 emissions, the focus of this report) of products or processes. Many advances have been made in the understanding of best practices for applying LCA to buildings, particularly around modeling the impact of various building materials and energy efficiency measures. However, the actual literature presents a body of LCA work that makes comparisons challenging. This work applies the LCA analysis using an Input-output approach to an urban district, constituted not only of residential buildings (the typical buildings analyzed in the literature) but considering the entirety of buildings’ type and infrastructures included in an urban district (tertiary buildings, parking, park, streets, residential buildings and so on). The work then compares two different approaches to LCA: the previously anticipated input-output based LCA and a traditional PB-LCA, in an effort to give a sense of the state of the current research in the area, as well as identify gaps or inconsistencies that could be refined in order to provide accurate results. The identification of these gaps and their consequently refinement will be fundamental for the formulation of effective policies and measures regarding the building sector, which will more and more ask for LCAs to evaluate cities environmental impact.
É ampiamente riconosciuto che il rinnovo e l’occupazione di edifici contribuisce per un terzo alle emissioni globali di gas serra e a più del 40% del consumo di energia. Con la continua crescita e migrazione della popolazione verso le zone urbane e la conseguente necessità di costruzione di nuovi edifici, il settore edilizio rappresenta un target fondamentale per la riduzione delle emissioni attraverso strategie mirate. A tal proposito, lo United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ha identificato il settore edilizio come l’area con il maggiore potenziale per raggiungere obiettivi a lungo termine ed economicamente conveniente riguardanti le emissioni di gas serra. Gli attuali standard e regolamenti edilizi rappresentano uno dei mezzi per raggiungere questi obiettivi, ma devono tenere in considerazione l’impatto complessivo degli edifici durante tutta la vita utile. L’analisi quantitativa dell’impatto ambientale, insieme alla valutazione del potenziale di riduzione delle emissioni, è spesso eseguita attraverso l’analisi del ciclo di vita (LCA). La LCA è un metodo diffusamente utilizzato e riconosciuto per calcolare l’impatto ambientale (come le emissioni di CO2, il focus di questa tesi) di prodotti o processi. Nel tempo sono stati fatti significativi avanzamenti nel valutare I migliori approcci per applicare l’LCA agli edifici, in particolare ci si è concentrati sul valutare l’impatto di materiali da costruzione e misure di efficientamento degli edifici. Tuttavia, la letteratura attuale presenta un insieme di analisi LCA difficili da analizzare in un’ottica di comparazione. Questa tesi effettua l’analisi LCA di un distretto urbano utilizzando un approccio input-output, considerando non solo edifici residenziali, ma gli edifici e le infrastrutture caratteristiche di un distretto urbano nella loro interezza (edifici per settore terziario, strade, parcheggi, parchi ecc). In seguito, si comparano due differenti approcci per l’LCA: il sopra citato approccio input-output e un approccio LCA tradizionale (process-based). Questa analisi comparativa rientra nell’ordine delle idee di riordinare l’attuale stato dell’arte riguardante quest’area di studio, identificando i divari e le inconsistenze che possono essere ridefinite e aggiustate per fornire risultati accurati e utili. L’identificazione di queste inconsistenze e il loro successivo aggiustamento è fondamentale per la formulazione di effettive misure e regolamenti riguardanti il settore edilizio, che richiederà nel futuro sempre più analisi LCA per valutare gli impatti ambientali delle aree urbane.
Comparing two life cycle approaches for assessing impact of city district refurbishment : bottom-up versus top-down LCA analyses
Diolaiti, Marta
2020/2021
Abstract
It is widely reported that the renovation and occupation of buildings contribute one-third of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and more than 40% of global energy use. As population growth and migration to urban areas continue to necessitate the construction of new housing, the housing sector is an easy target for mitigation through GHG policy initiatives. In fact, the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change identified the building sector as the area with the most potential to deliver long-term and cost-effective GHG reduction. Building codes and other standards are one means of mandating efficiency, but these codes should take into account the true impact of the home throughout its life cycle. The means to quantifying environmental impacts as well as estimating potential reductions is often done through life cycle assessment (LCA). LCA is a broadly accepted technique for estimating the environmental impacts (such as CO2 emissions, the focus of this report) of products or processes. Many advances have been made in the understanding of best practices for applying LCA to buildings, particularly around modeling the impact of various building materials and energy efficiency measures. However, the actual literature presents a body of LCA work that makes comparisons challenging. This work applies the LCA analysis using an Input-output approach to an urban district, constituted not only of residential buildings (the typical buildings analyzed in the literature) but considering the entirety of buildings’ type and infrastructures included in an urban district (tertiary buildings, parking, park, streets, residential buildings and so on). The work then compares two different approaches to LCA: the previously anticipated input-output based LCA and a traditional PB-LCA, in an effort to give a sense of the state of the current research in the area, as well as identify gaps or inconsistencies that could be refined in order to provide accurate results. The identification of these gaps and their consequently refinement will be fundamental for the formulation of effective policies and measures regarding the building sector, which will more and more ask for LCAs to evaluate cities environmental impact.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/179574