Roads worldwide are trying to contain the incredible increase in the number of vehicles that circulate over them, the main problem about this fact is that many roads were projected with old vehicles volume of thirty to forty years ago. This increment, in correlation with the willingness to move and relatively need for mobility of the population, thanks to the development and globalization lead to a lot of problems that don’t end at the end of the carriageway. There are accidents for instance that have both individual and social consequences or congestion that affect both health and environment. In this context, recently arrive single technology like ITS or completely new rethinking of the infrastructure, the smart road, that try to resolve problems listed above. Also governments and institutions try to play their role in powering the public transport system in order to trigger the switching from individual to collective means of transport with environmental and social benefits for all the community. The first part of the thesis presents an in-depth analysis of the ITS world and relatively state-of-the-art, with a focus mainly on extra-urban roads, starting from the classification to arrive at some use case across the world but always with a focus on the extra-urban road. It was also analyzed, at an external level, the composition of the different elements that constitute a smart road as sensor and communication levels. In the second part is given an overview of traffic theory and different approaches used in the study of traffic, this part is important to understand the problem of shockwaves and also the process and assumption under some ITS implementation. After the overview on the traffic theories, there is the study of the variable speed limit, a technology embedded in ITS world and in some smart road structures, and its operation. Then After the presentation of the benefits and consequences of the approach will be described some algorithms implemented worldwide and a methodology for the evaluation. In the following part will be presented also the software utilized for the simulations in the case study: Vissim, with its main characteristics and functionality. In the final part of the thesis are located the case study about a segment of the SS36 del Lago di Como e dello Spluga, the segment taken into consideration is well known by me and other people that have to enter in Lecco during the morning peak hour, in this way it was easier the implementation of the base scenario because the dynamics were well known. After the presentation of the case study and relatively study area was illustrated the methodology implemented, starting from the data collection campaign to the simulation in Vissim, passing through the calibration of the software for the base scenario. Following there will be the presentation of the different strategies that can help in the improvement of the base scenario and their evaluation. In conclusion, the results are very interesting concerning three main aspects: Safety, Environmental impact, and Efficiency but need a more in-depth analysis on a financial and economical aspect that can’t be faced for knowledge reasons, in order to find the best alternative for the community.
Le strade di tutto il mondo stanno cercando di contenere l'incredibile aumento del numero di veicoli che circolano su di esse, il problema principale in questo caso è che molte strade sono state progettate su volumi di trenta o quaranta anni fa. Questo aumento in correlazione con la volontà di muoversi e relativo bisogno di mobilità della popolazione, grazie allo sviluppo e la globalizzazione hanno portato a molti di problemi che non finiscono ai bordi della carreggiata. Ci sono incidenti, per esempio, che hanno conseguenze sia individuali che sociali o congestioni che colpiscono sia la salute che l'ambiente. In questo contesto, recentemente sono arrivate singole tecnologie come gli ITS o un pensiero completamente nuovo dell'infrastruttura, la strada intelligente, che cerca di risolvere i problemi elencati sopra. Anche i governi e le istituzioni cercano di giocare il loro ruolo nel migliorare il sistema di trasporto pubblico al fine di innescare il passaggio da mezzi di trasporto individuali a mezzi collettivi con benefici ambientali e sociali per tutta la comunità. Nella prima parte della tesi sono presenti un'analisi approfondita del mondo ITS e relativo dello stato dell'arte, con un focus soprattutto sulle strade extraurbane, partendo dalla classificazione per arrivare ad alcuni casi d'uso in tutto il mondo ma sempre con un focus sulla strada extraurbana. È stata anche analizzata, a livello esterno, la composizione dei diversi elementi che costituiscono una strada intelligente come ad esempio i livelli di sensori e di comunicazione. Nella seconda parte viene data una panoramica sulla teoria del traffico e il diverso approccio utilizzato nello studio del traffico, questa parte è importante per capire il problema dell'onda d'urto e anche il processo e il presupposto in alcune implementazioni ITS. Dopo la panoramica sulle teorie del traffico c'è lo studio del limite di velocità variabile, una tecnologia incorporata nel mondo ITS e in alcune strutture stradali intelligenti, e il suo funzionamento. Dopo la presentazione dei benefici e delle conseguenze dell'approccio saranno descritti alcuni algoritmi implementati in tutto il mondo e una metodologia per la valutazione. Nella parte seguente verrà presentato anche il software utilizzato per le simulazioni nel caso di studio: Vissim, con le sue principali caratteristiche e funzionalità. Nella parte finale della tesi si trova il caso di studio su un segmento della SS36 del lago di Como e dello Spluga, il segmento preso in considerazione è ben conosciuto da me e da altre persone che devono entrare a Lecco durante l'ora di punta mattutina, in questo modo è stato più facile l'implementazione dello scenario base perché le dinamiche erano ben note. Dopo la presentazione del caso studio e relativa area di studio è stata illustrata la metodologia implementata, partendo dalla campagna di raccolta dati fino alla simulazione in Vissim, passando per la calibrazione del software per lo scenario base. In seguito ci sarà la presentazione delle diverse strategie che possono aiutare nel miglioramento dello scenario di base e la loro valutazione. In conclusione, i risultati sono molto interessanti rispetto a tre aspetti principali: Sicurezza, Impatto Ambientale ed Efficienza ma necessitano di un'analisi più approfondita sull'aspetto finanziario ed economico che non può essere affrontato per motivi di conoscenza, al fine di trovare la migliore alternativa per la comunità.
Smart roads : an application of variable speed limit to SS36
Manzoni, Manuel
2020/2021
Abstract
Roads worldwide are trying to contain the incredible increase in the number of vehicles that circulate over them, the main problem about this fact is that many roads were projected with old vehicles volume of thirty to forty years ago. This increment, in correlation with the willingness to move and relatively need for mobility of the population, thanks to the development and globalization lead to a lot of problems that don’t end at the end of the carriageway. There are accidents for instance that have both individual and social consequences or congestion that affect both health and environment. In this context, recently arrive single technology like ITS or completely new rethinking of the infrastructure, the smart road, that try to resolve problems listed above. Also governments and institutions try to play their role in powering the public transport system in order to trigger the switching from individual to collective means of transport with environmental and social benefits for all the community. The first part of the thesis presents an in-depth analysis of the ITS world and relatively state-of-the-art, with a focus mainly on extra-urban roads, starting from the classification to arrive at some use case across the world but always with a focus on the extra-urban road. It was also analyzed, at an external level, the composition of the different elements that constitute a smart road as sensor and communication levels. In the second part is given an overview of traffic theory and different approaches used in the study of traffic, this part is important to understand the problem of shockwaves and also the process and assumption under some ITS implementation. After the overview on the traffic theories, there is the study of the variable speed limit, a technology embedded in ITS world and in some smart road structures, and its operation. Then After the presentation of the benefits and consequences of the approach will be described some algorithms implemented worldwide and a methodology for the evaluation. In the following part will be presented also the software utilized for the simulations in the case study: Vissim, with its main characteristics and functionality. In the final part of the thesis are located the case study about a segment of the SS36 del Lago di Como e dello Spluga, the segment taken into consideration is well known by me and other people that have to enter in Lecco during the morning peak hour, in this way it was easier the implementation of the base scenario because the dynamics were well known. After the presentation of the case study and relatively study area was illustrated the methodology implemented, starting from the data collection campaign to the simulation in Vissim, passing through the calibration of the software for the base scenario. Following there will be the presentation of the different strategies that can help in the improvement of the base scenario and their evaluation. In conclusion, the results are very interesting concerning three main aspects: Safety, Environmental impact, and Efficiency but need a more in-depth analysis on a financial and economical aspect that can’t be faced for knowledge reasons, in order to find the best alternative for the community.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/179618