Cryogenic two-phase (solid-liquid) single-component systems are often called slushes, such as slush hydrogen, slush nitrogen and slush methane. These cryogenic mixtures have been studied since the sixties in the perspective of mass saving related to future launchers. Indeed, slushes are characterized by a greater density than the pure liquids. This property leads to lower volumes required for storage or, vice versa, to an increased mass stored in a given volume. This work focuses on slush methane, which has been considered only, until now, in the aerospace industry. Firstly, new terrestrial applications for slush methane are investigated, trying to assess their benefits and their limitations both qualitative and quantitatively, whenever possible. Then, the work focuses on the production of slush methane for which a source of pure methane is needed. Among all the existing possibilities, biogas has been selected as methane source in this framework. Thus, the object of the work is precisely slush biomethane. This choice implied the creation of a more interesting product, being both denser than the pure liquid and a renewable fuel. However, the drawback of biofuels must be considered too. The considerations made on slush biomethane are typically extendable to slush methane regardless its origin. Novel terrestrial applications proposed for slush biomethane have been identified considering slush both as a fuel (the same role played in the aerospace industry), and as a more efficient energy vector. Then, to analyse the production of slush biomethane, the existing slush generation technologies have been studied. Coupling the information on the latter with those on the existing biomethane value chain, two configurations for producing slush biomethane have been proposed. In the end, the energy requirements associated to the production of slush biomethane and of all the other existing products of the biomethane value chain have been assessed and compared. To do that, all the processes involved have been simulated with Aspen Plus® and, then, analysed by means of the net equivalent methane approach. The conclusions drawn in this work can be considered as the starting point for a more detailed feasibility study that extends the analysis to other technical issues and related to the introduction of the slush methane technology.
Il termine slush indica un sistema criogenico monocomponente bifase (solido-liquido), come ad esempio lo slush hydrogen, lo slush nitrogen o lo slush methane. Gli slush sono stati studiati a partire dalla fine degli anni Sessanta come propellenti per i razzi spaziali. Infatti, gli slush sono caratterizzati da una densità maggiore rispetto allo stesso componente nello stato liquido, e ciò comporta la riduzione dei volumi di stoccaggio a parità di massa, oppure permette di stoccare una quantità maggiore in termini di massa in un dato volume. Questa tesi si focalizza sullo slush methane, che, fino ad ora, è stato considerato solamente in ambito aerospaziale. In primo luogo, vengono considerati nuovi possibili utilizzi in ambito terrestre dello slush methane, cercando di valutare benefici e limitazioni sia da un punto di vista qualitativo sia, qualora possibile, da un punto di vista quantitativo. L’attenzione è stata poi posta sulla produzione di slush methane. Essa richiede una fonte di metano puro che, in questa tesi, è ricaduta sul biogas. L’oggetto del lavoro è, dunque, più precisamente lo slush biomethane. Questa decisione comporta la creazione di un prodotto più interessante, essendo esso più denso del metano liquido e, al tempo stesso, rinnovabile. Di contro, vengono a loro volta introdotti gli svantaggi associati ai biocombustibili. Quanto considerato per lo slush biomethane può essere tipicamente generalizzato allo slush methane, a prescindere dalla sua origine. Nuovi utilizzi terrestri sono stati identificati considerando lo slush biomethane sia come combustibile (stesso ruolo ricoperto in ambito aerospaziale), sia come vettore energetico. Per studiare la produzione di slush biomethane, le diverse tecnologie esistenti sono state analizzate. Integrando le informazioni relative a queste tecnologie e alla filiera del biometano esistente, sono stati proposti due modi per produrre slush biomethane. Infine, sono stati calcolati e confrontati i consumi energetici relativi alla produzione di slush biomethane e degli altri prodotti esistenti nella filiera del biometano. Per fare ciò, tutti i processi coinvolti sono stati prima simulati utilizzando il software Aspen Plus®, e successivamente, analizzati con l’approccio del metano equivalente. Le conclusioni del lavoro costituiscono il punto di partenza per uno studio di fattibilità approfondito che estenda l’analisi ad altri aspetti tecnici ed eventuali problematiche connesse all’introduzione dello slush methane.
Conceptual feasibility study on novel applications and production of solid-liquid slush biomethane
Lai, Giacomo
2020/2021
Abstract
Cryogenic two-phase (solid-liquid) single-component systems are often called slushes, such as slush hydrogen, slush nitrogen and slush methane. These cryogenic mixtures have been studied since the sixties in the perspective of mass saving related to future launchers. Indeed, slushes are characterized by a greater density than the pure liquids. This property leads to lower volumes required for storage or, vice versa, to an increased mass stored in a given volume. This work focuses on slush methane, which has been considered only, until now, in the aerospace industry. Firstly, new terrestrial applications for slush methane are investigated, trying to assess their benefits and their limitations both qualitative and quantitatively, whenever possible. Then, the work focuses on the production of slush methane for which a source of pure methane is needed. Among all the existing possibilities, biogas has been selected as methane source in this framework. Thus, the object of the work is precisely slush biomethane. This choice implied the creation of a more interesting product, being both denser than the pure liquid and a renewable fuel. However, the drawback of biofuels must be considered too. The considerations made on slush biomethane are typically extendable to slush methane regardless its origin. Novel terrestrial applications proposed for slush biomethane have been identified considering slush both as a fuel (the same role played in the aerospace industry), and as a more efficient energy vector. Then, to analyse the production of slush biomethane, the existing slush generation technologies have been studied. Coupling the information on the latter with those on the existing biomethane value chain, two configurations for producing slush biomethane have been proposed. In the end, the energy requirements associated to the production of slush biomethane and of all the other existing products of the biomethane value chain have been assessed and compared. To do that, all the processes involved have been simulated with Aspen Plus® and, then, analysed by means of the net equivalent methane approach. The conclusions drawn in this work can be considered as the starting point for a more detailed feasibility study that extends the analysis to other technical issues and related to the introduction of the slush methane technology.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/180015