The study of the museums that have attested in sequence on the riverbanks in Pisa (Lungarni) stems from a need to further explore the historical and cultural reasons that have determined this specific urban vocation, with the aim to gather knowledge of individual realities bringing them back to a system, along a single thread and over a long period of time. A set of pluralities, which goes beyond the value of the single building, placing new parameters of efficiency and cultural quality. Where the Arno represents the memory of the "glorious" historical genesis of the Republic of Pisa that originates from the sea, the port and the river connection. Therefore, it is the historical uniqueness of this weaving that creates the premises for a real “system", rooted in the nineteenth-century construction of urban identity and that starts at a time when problems posed by secularization of ecclesiatic properties in the post-unification period and by reconstruction after WWII generate profound functional transformations, induced by an increase in the availability of buildings for the use of the community, lined up along the banks of the city of the river Arno (suppressed convents, demilitarized defense structures, palaces owned by the Crown of Italy). Entering into the complexity of such a system implies a long examination of an urban event that defines the identity values of the Lungarni during the nineteenth century, the crucial period of their aesthetic and structural transformation that connects the dynamics of the river, its turbulence and hydraulic works, with urban and architectural solutions. Consequently, a central node of this process is the relationship between the formation of the Lungarni’s historical identity and the bearing of witness to a recognized cultural vocation. The myth of Pisa’s importance during the Middle Ages, the romantic dimension of its river landscape, the monuments and discoveries unveiled from the successive layers of the walls, the protection of artworks coming from the suppression of religious buildings and their collections; the cataloguing and exhibition in the first Civic Museum, the caesura of war that catalyzes a critical dimension of restoration as a fundamental opportunity for knowledge, until the emergence of an innovative museum concept, linked to museography and historical-critical training: these are the themes that guide the common thread of research. Hence the need for an integrated understanding of the stages of this process. Moving in this direction, the research was articulated along three fundamental elements, integrated between them and subdivided into five parts. The first, which includes the two initial chapters, concerns the construction of the cultural identity of the Lungarni in the context of romantic nationalism and the protection of the "national cultural heritage”. More precisely, the study focused on how to perceive the riversides of Pisa in relation to the context of the city, through the narration of the Guides, the poetic and iconographic testimonies. From here, the significance that these assume in the culture of the Grand Tour as alter ego of the religious and monumental heart of the city, theater of the town’s festivals, its social gatherings, the residences of the city and the foreign elite, therefore as a privileged axis of culture and artistic activity. On this historical basis, the analysis focuses, in its core, on the theme of reconstruction after the Second World War, to which recent historiography has dedicated critical voices, fundamental to frame the case of Pisa in the context of a national debate. The reconstruction phase is the catalyst for new functions for city institutions and culture in the Lungarni buildings. The possibility of using monumental buildings owing to, as has been said before, the particular financial situation evident during the nineteenth century, and the availability of free areas as a result of the changed conditions caused by war damage, offers new opportunities for a reorganization of urban functions and, in particular, a first urgent response to the necessity to safeguard historical artistic heritage salvaged from the war and distributed in various locations. In this context, the San Matteo Museum, which represents a starting point for a museum system along Pisa’s riverbanks, plays a central role not only in the city, but in the context of the international debate during the years between the two World Wars, in which all aspects of modern museography are examined, and that Sanpaolesi transfers into an exemplary project synthesis. In the light of this cultural and institutional framework, we can better understand the reasons that led Sanpaolesi to transfer the old museum of San Francesco headquarters to the former convent of San Matteo on the Lungarno Mediceo, including the urban "greater centrality" and the availability of spaces; aspects that allowed implementation of a new museum model, linked to the teaching of history of the arts and the restoration process of the works themselves. The final part of the research is therefore focused on this particular model and on the museums that develop along the Arno from the last twenty years of the twentieth century to today. Among these, the Palazzo Reale, which became the seat of the new Pisan Superintendence and Museum of the Medici-Lorena-Savoia collections with other former bequests in part from the Civic Museum, and Palazzo Lanfranchi, now the Museum of Graphics. We can assume that the theme of the continuity of museums along the Arno, has been sanctioned by the intervention in the vast area of the Republican and Medici Arsenals, laying the foundations for a concrete realization of the “system". This allows us to verify in the present time, from the end of WWII onwards, what the reconstruction of this part of the city meant, in terms of cultural opportunities. It also allows strengthening a specialized axis of artistic and historical culture that configures the Lungarni as a potential "museum system" from the imprimatur of the Museum of San Matteo, to the consolidation as museum destinations of the Lanfranchi and Reale palaces from the 70s to the early 90s, then again in the new millennium, with "Palazzo Blu" and the Arsenali area. The Cittadella Nuova with the Sangallo fortress and the Scotto garden on the south side and the Cittadella Vecchia with the Republican and Medici Arsenals and the Galilei park on the shore of Tramontana, constitute the extreme points of the city’s Lungarni and the boundaries of the potential system. Today, in the perspective of museum use, these two areas, with a strong landscape value, can be configured as the extreme points of the prefigured system, reconnecting the river in an integration of nature and culture. In particular, the area of the Arsenali, can become one of the entrances to the riverbanks of museums, leading to the Museum of San Matteo at the opposite end of the same axis. Revisiting the thread of history from the 19th century to the present, the concept of a "system" takes shape, as a set of several museums, united by the connection with the territory that contains them, represented by the Arno crossing the city and its history. The aim of the project "system" is to increase conservation, transmission and cultural enhancement of the heritage of each individual museum, placing it in a dynamic consequentiality and making the same system an integral part of the landscape of Pisa. It is therefore a driving force for new balances between large and small collections, between permanent collections and temporary exhibitions, between the museum, institutions and the city.
Lo studio dei musei che si sono attestati in sequenza sui Lungarni di Pisa parte dall’esigenza di approfondire le ragioni storiche e culturali che hanno determinato questa specifica vocazione urbana, con l’obiettivo di raccogliere lungo un filo unitario e in un lungo arco temporale, la conoscenza delle singole realtà riconducendole a sistema. Dove l’Arno rappresenta, non soltanto un segno topografico di caratterizzazione urbana, ma la metafora delle origini, memoria della “gloriosa” genesi storica della Repubblica pisana che ha inizio dal mare, dal porto e dal collegamento fluviale. Dunque, è l’unicità storica di questa tessitura a creare le premesse per un vero e proprio “sistema”, che si radica nella costruzione ottocentesca dell’identità urbana e si avvia nel momento in cui i problemi posti dalla secolarizzazione dei beni ecclesiatici in età post unitaria e dalla ricostruzione dopo la seconda guerra mondiale generano profonde trasformazioni funzionali, indotte dalla crescita di disponibilità di edifici a uso della collettività, allineati lungo le rive cittadine dell’Arno (conventi soppressi, strutture difensive “demilitarizzate”, palazzi di proprietà della Corona d’Italia). Entrare nella complessità di tale sistema implica lo sguardo lungo di una vicenda urbana che definisce i valori identitari dei lungarni nel corso del XIX secolo, periodo cruciale della loro trasformazione estetica e strutturale che mette in relazione le dinamiche del fiume, le sue turbolenze e le opere idrauliche, con le scelte urbanistiche e architettoniche. Ne consegue che un nodo centrale di questo processo è dato dalla relazione tra il formarsi dell’identità storica dei lungarni e l’attestarsi di una vocazione culturale riconosciuta. Il mito della grandezza pisana dell’età di mezzo, la dimensione romantica del paesaggio fluviale, i monumenti e i reperti affioranti dagli strati successivi delle murature, la tutela delle opere provenienti dalla soppressione di edifici religiosi e dalle collezioni, la loro raccolta, catalogazione, esposizione nel primo Museo Civico, la cesura della guerra che catalizza una dimensione critica del restauro come fondamentale occasione di conoscenza, fino all’affermarsi di una concezione museale innovativa, legata alla formazione museografia e storico-critica, sono i temi che guidano il filo rosso della ricerca. Da qui, l’esigenza di una comprensione integrata delle fasi di questo processo. Procedendo in questa direzione, l’organizzazione della ricerca si é articolata su tre assi portanti tra loro integrati, suddivisi in cinque parti. La prima, comprendente i due capitoli iniziali, riguarda la costruzione dell’identità culturale dei lungarni nel contesto del nazionalismo romantico e della tutela del “patrimonio culturale nazionale”. Più precisamente, individuata l’area di studio dei lungarni cittadini, nella fase della loro metamorfosi moderna, lo studio si é focalizzato sulla maniera di percepirli rispetto al contesto della città, attraverso la narrazione delle Guide, le testimonianze poetiche e iconografiche. Da qui viene a delinearsi il significato che questi assumono nella cultura del Grand Tour come alter ego del cuore religioso e monumentale della città, teatro delle feste cittadine, degli incontri mondani, delle residenze dell’élite cittadina e straniera, quindi come asse privilegiato della cultura e del fare artistico. Su questo impianto storico, che contiene in nuce i temi del secondo Novecento, centrali per la nostra ricerca, l’analisi si focalizza, nel suo nucleo centrale, sul tema della ricostruzione successiva alla seconda guerra mondiale, cui la storiografia recente ha dedicato affondi critici, fondamentali per inquadrare il caso di Pisa nel con- testo di un dibattito nazionale. Per gli edifici dei lungarni la fase della ricostruzione rappresenta il momento catalizzatore di nuove funzioni destinate alle istituzioni cittadine e alla cultura. La possibilità d’uso di edifici monumentali, dovuta, come si è prima detto, alla particolare situazione patrimoniale che si è attestata nel corso del XIX secolo, e la disponibilità di aree libere, come conseguenza delle mutate condizioni provocate dai danni bellici, offre nuove opportunità per un riassetto delle funzioni urbane e, in particolare, una prima urgente risposta alla necessità di salvaguardare il patrimonio storico artistico messo in salvo dalla guerra e distribuito in vari sedi. In tale contesto, il Museo di San Matteo, che segna il punto di partenza per un sistema museale dei Lungarni, riveste un ruolo centrale non solo nella città, ma nel contesto del dibattito internazionale degli anni tra le tue guerre, in cui si toccano tutti gli aspetti della moderna museografia, che Sanpaolesi trasferisce in una sintesi progettuale esemplare. Alla luce di questo quadro culturale e istituzionale si comprendono meglio i motivi che indussero Sanpaolesi a trasferire la sede dal vecchio museo di San Francesco nell’ex convento di san Matteo sul lungarno, tra cui la “maggiore centralità” urbana e la disponibilità degli spazi, circostanza questa che consentiva di attuare un modello museale nuovo, legato all’insegnamento della storia delle arti e al processo di restauro delle opere stesse. È su questo e sui musei che si sviluppano lungo l’Arno dall’ultimo ventennio del Novecento a oggi che verte la parte conclusiva della ricerca. Tra questi, Palazzo Reale, che diviene sede della nuova Soprintendenza pisana e museo delle collezioni Medici-Lorena-Savoia con altri nuclei prevenienti da lasciti e in parte dal Museo Civico, e Palazzo Lanfranchi, oggi Museo della Grafica. Il tema della continuità dei musei sui lungarni, possiamo considerarlo sancito con l’intervento nella vasta area degli Arsenali repubblicani e medicei, ponendo le basi per una concreta realizzazione del “sistema”. Questo consente di verificare nel tempo presente, cioè dalla fine della guerra in poi, che cosa ha significato la ricostruzione di questa parte della città, in termini anche di opportunità culturali; consente inoltre di rafforzare un asse specializzato della cultura storico artistica che, dall’ imprimatur del Museo di San Matteo, al consolidarsi della destinazione museale dei palazzi Lanfranchi e Reale, tra gli anni ’70 e i primi anni ’90, ancora poi nel nuovo millennio, con “Palazzo Blu” e l’area degli Arsenali, configura oggi il lungarno come potenziale “sistema museale”. A determinare i punti estremi dei lungarni cittadini e i confini stessi del potenziale sistema, sono la Cittadella Nuova con la fortezza del Sangallo e il giardino Scotto sul lato di Mezzogiorno e la Cittadella vecchia, con gli Arsenali repubblicani e medicei, il parco Galilei sulla riva di Tramontana Oggi, nella prospettiva di utilizzazione museale, queste due aree, a forte valenza paesaggistica, possono configurarsi come i punti estremi del sistema prefigurato, riconnettendo il filo fluviale in un’integrazione di natura e cultura. In particolare, l’area degli Arsenali, può diventare uno degli ingressi alle rive dei musei, trovando sul limite opposto dello stesso asse il Museo di San Matteo. Riannodando il filo della storia dal XIX secolo a oggi, prende corpo il concetto di “sistema”, come insieme di più musei, uniti tra loro dal nesso col territorio che li accoglie, rappresentato dall’ Arno che attraversa la città e la sua storia. L’obiettivo del progetto di “sistema” è incrementare la conservazione, trasmissione e valorizzazione culturale del patrimonio del singolo museo, ponendolo in consequenzialità dinamica e rendere lo stesso sistema parte integrante del paesaggio di Pisa. Sistema dunque come motore di nuovi equilibri tra le grandi e le piccole collezioni, tra le collezioni permanenti e le mostre temporanee, tra il museo, le istituzioni e la città.
La città e il fiume. Le rive dei musei a Pisa dall'Ottocento a oggi
Giusti, Francesca
2020/2021
Abstract
The study of the museums that have attested in sequence on the riverbanks in Pisa (Lungarni) stems from a need to further explore the historical and cultural reasons that have determined this specific urban vocation, with the aim to gather knowledge of individual realities bringing them back to a system, along a single thread and over a long period of time. A set of pluralities, which goes beyond the value of the single building, placing new parameters of efficiency and cultural quality. Where the Arno represents the memory of the "glorious" historical genesis of the Republic of Pisa that originates from the sea, the port and the river connection. Therefore, it is the historical uniqueness of this weaving that creates the premises for a real “system", rooted in the nineteenth-century construction of urban identity and that starts at a time when problems posed by secularization of ecclesiatic properties in the post-unification period and by reconstruction after WWII generate profound functional transformations, induced by an increase in the availability of buildings for the use of the community, lined up along the banks of the city of the river Arno (suppressed convents, demilitarized defense structures, palaces owned by the Crown of Italy). Entering into the complexity of such a system implies a long examination of an urban event that defines the identity values of the Lungarni during the nineteenth century, the crucial period of their aesthetic and structural transformation that connects the dynamics of the river, its turbulence and hydraulic works, with urban and architectural solutions. Consequently, a central node of this process is the relationship between the formation of the Lungarni’s historical identity and the bearing of witness to a recognized cultural vocation. The myth of Pisa’s importance during the Middle Ages, the romantic dimension of its river landscape, the monuments and discoveries unveiled from the successive layers of the walls, the protection of artworks coming from the suppression of religious buildings and their collections; the cataloguing and exhibition in the first Civic Museum, the caesura of war that catalyzes a critical dimension of restoration as a fundamental opportunity for knowledge, until the emergence of an innovative museum concept, linked to museography and historical-critical training: these are the themes that guide the common thread of research. Hence the need for an integrated understanding of the stages of this process. Moving in this direction, the research was articulated along three fundamental elements, integrated between them and subdivided into five parts. The first, which includes the two initial chapters, concerns the construction of the cultural identity of the Lungarni in the context of romantic nationalism and the protection of the "national cultural heritage”. More precisely, the study focused on how to perceive the riversides of Pisa in relation to the context of the city, through the narration of the Guides, the poetic and iconographic testimonies. From here, the significance that these assume in the culture of the Grand Tour as alter ego of the religious and monumental heart of the city, theater of the town’s festivals, its social gatherings, the residences of the city and the foreign elite, therefore as a privileged axis of culture and artistic activity. On this historical basis, the analysis focuses, in its core, on the theme of reconstruction after the Second World War, to which recent historiography has dedicated critical voices, fundamental to frame the case of Pisa in the context of a national debate. The reconstruction phase is the catalyst for new functions for city institutions and culture in the Lungarni buildings. The possibility of using monumental buildings owing to, as has been said before, the particular financial situation evident during the nineteenth century, and the availability of free areas as a result of the changed conditions caused by war damage, offers new opportunities for a reorganization of urban functions and, in particular, a first urgent response to the necessity to safeguard historical artistic heritage salvaged from the war and distributed in various locations. In this context, the San Matteo Museum, which represents a starting point for a museum system along Pisa’s riverbanks, plays a central role not only in the city, but in the context of the international debate during the years between the two World Wars, in which all aspects of modern museography are examined, and that Sanpaolesi transfers into an exemplary project synthesis. In the light of this cultural and institutional framework, we can better understand the reasons that led Sanpaolesi to transfer the old museum of San Francesco headquarters to the former convent of San Matteo on the Lungarno Mediceo, including the urban "greater centrality" and the availability of spaces; aspects that allowed implementation of a new museum model, linked to the teaching of history of the arts and the restoration process of the works themselves. The final part of the research is therefore focused on this particular model and on the museums that develop along the Arno from the last twenty years of the twentieth century to today. Among these, the Palazzo Reale, which became the seat of the new Pisan Superintendence and Museum of the Medici-Lorena-Savoia collections with other former bequests in part from the Civic Museum, and Palazzo Lanfranchi, now the Museum of Graphics. We can assume that the theme of the continuity of museums along the Arno, has been sanctioned by the intervention in the vast area of the Republican and Medici Arsenals, laying the foundations for a concrete realization of the “system". This allows us to verify in the present time, from the end of WWII onwards, what the reconstruction of this part of the city meant, in terms of cultural opportunities. It also allows strengthening a specialized axis of artistic and historical culture that configures the Lungarni as a potential "museum system" from the imprimatur of the Museum of San Matteo, to the consolidation as museum destinations of the Lanfranchi and Reale palaces from the 70s to the early 90s, then again in the new millennium, with "Palazzo Blu" and the Arsenali area. The Cittadella Nuova with the Sangallo fortress and the Scotto garden on the south side and the Cittadella Vecchia with the Republican and Medici Arsenals and the Galilei park on the shore of Tramontana, constitute the extreme points of the city’s Lungarni and the boundaries of the potential system. Today, in the perspective of museum use, these two areas, with a strong landscape value, can be configured as the extreme points of the prefigured system, reconnecting the river in an integration of nature and culture. In particular, the area of the Arsenali, can become one of the entrances to the riverbanks of museums, leading to the Museum of San Matteo at the opposite end of the same axis. Revisiting the thread of history from the 19th century to the present, the concept of a "system" takes shape, as a set of several museums, united by the connection with the territory that contains them, represented by the Arno crossing the city and its history. The aim of the project "system" is to increase conservation, transmission and cultural enhancement of the heritage of each individual museum, placing it in a dynamic consequentiality and making the same system an integral part of the landscape of Pisa. It is therefore a driving force for new balances between large and small collections, between permanent collections and temporary exhibitions, between the museum, institutions and the city.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/180172