The quantities of agri-food wastes created by the food industry are enormous and they are not exploited after their first usage. Even if wastes are converted mainly into energy or they are used for animal feed,the canons promoted by the concept of circular economy are not respected at all. From an environmental point of view, the elimination of industrial by-products and waste can be a solution to pollution problems. The aim of the thesis is to demonstrate the effectiveness of a new class of solvents called DES for the extraction of valuable components, like cellulose and proteins. Deep Eutectic Solvents have all the features to be considered as “green” solvents: they are non-toxic, non-flammable, non-volatile, recyclable and biodegradable. Among lignocellulosic biomasses, it was studied the behaviour of Brewer’s Spent Grain (BSG), the waste obtained from beer processing, contained a wide range of value -added compounds, such cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, proteins. Nowadays, the operative condition of cellulose production does not respect all the new green chemistry’s requirement. The technology used for cellulose production is efficient, but it has a negative environmental impact for the massive use of toxic compounds, the great energy consumption and the deforestation. For that reason, the necessity of new techniques that can meet the valorization of biomasses by using eco-friendly solvents, is moving the scientific research towards the use of new methods. Firstly, related to the cellulose content, the effectiveness of the treatment was determined by the analysis of the crystallinity index (C.I.) through powder X-ray diffractometry. Subsequently, since the main application of BSG is for animal feed thanks to its high content of protein, UV-visible spectroscopy is used to measure proteins concentration for their ability to absorb light in the UV-vis region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The results demonstrate that the DES treatments are effective for BSG without adding toxic and hazardous components, considering themas valid alternative of consolidated industrial processes and projecting the biomass valorization into a more environmental-friendly future.
Le quantità di rifiuti creati dall'industria agroalimentare che non vengono sfruttate dopo il loro primo utilizzo sono enormi. Se pur avviene una minima valorizzazione (come produzione di energia o mangime per animali), non vengono rispettati i canoni promossi dal concetto di economia circolare. Dal punto di vista ambientale, l'eliminazione dei sottoprodotti industriali e rifiuti può rappresentare una soluzione ai problemi di inquinamento. Lo scopo della tesi è quello di dimostrare l'efficacia di una nuova classe di solventi chiamata DES (Deep Eutectic Solvents) per l'estrazione di importanti composti, come cellulosa e proteine. I DES hanno tutte le caratteristiche per essere considerati solventi "green": sono atossici, non infiammabili, non volatili, riciclabili e biodegradabili. Tra le biomasse lignocellulosiche, è stato studiato il comportamento della trebbia, lo scarto ottenuto dalla lavorazione della birra, contenente una vasta gamma di prodotti ad alto valore aggiunto. Al giorno d'oggi, le condizioni operative coinvolte nella produzione della cellulosa non rispettano tutti i requisiti della “green chemistry”. La tecnologia utilizzata per la produzione di cellulosa è efficiente ma non sostenibile per l'uso massiccio di composti tossici, per il grande consumo di energia e per la deforestazione. Per questo motivo la ricerca scientifica sta muovendo grandi passi avanti nello studio di nuove tecniche in grado di valorizzare le biomasse utilizzando solventi eco-compatibili. In primo luogo, l'efficacia del trattamento è stata determinata effettuando la diffrattometria ai raggi X per polveri per determinare l'indice di cristallinità (C.I.). Inoltre, poiché la trebbia viene usata principalmente nell’ambito della mangimistica animale grazie al suo alto contenuto di proteine, la spettroscopia UV è utile per misurare la concentrazione delle proteine tramite la loro capacità di assorbire la luce nella regione dello spettro elettromagnetico. I risultati dimostrano che il trattamento con DES risulta essere efficace per la trebbia senza l'aggiunta di componenti tossici e pericolosi, considerandoli una valida alternativa a processi industriali consolidati e proiettando la valorizzazione delle biomasse in un futuro più sostenibile.
Use of deep eutectic solvents for brewer's spent grain valorization
Sbardi, Elena
2020/2021
Abstract
The quantities of agri-food wastes created by the food industry are enormous and they are not exploited after their first usage. Even if wastes are converted mainly into energy or they are used for animal feed,the canons promoted by the concept of circular economy are not respected at all. From an environmental point of view, the elimination of industrial by-products and waste can be a solution to pollution problems. The aim of the thesis is to demonstrate the effectiveness of a new class of solvents called DES for the extraction of valuable components, like cellulose and proteins. Deep Eutectic Solvents have all the features to be considered as “green” solvents: they are non-toxic, non-flammable, non-volatile, recyclable and biodegradable. Among lignocellulosic biomasses, it was studied the behaviour of Brewer’s Spent Grain (BSG), the waste obtained from beer processing, contained a wide range of value -added compounds, such cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, proteins. Nowadays, the operative condition of cellulose production does not respect all the new green chemistry’s requirement. The technology used for cellulose production is efficient, but it has a negative environmental impact for the massive use of toxic compounds, the great energy consumption and the deforestation. For that reason, the necessity of new techniques that can meet the valorization of biomasses by using eco-friendly solvents, is moving the scientific research towards the use of new methods. Firstly, related to the cellulose content, the effectiveness of the treatment was determined by the analysis of the crystallinity index (C.I.) through powder X-ray diffractometry. Subsequently, since the main application of BSG is for animal feed thanks to its high content of protein, UV-visible spectroscopy is used to measure proteins concentration for their ability to absorb light in the UV-vis region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The results demonstrate that the DES treatments are effective for BSG without adding toxic and hazardous components, considering themas valid alternative of consolidated industrial processes and projecting the biomass valorization into a more environmental-friendly future.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/181610