Optical microscopy (OM) is one of the modern technologies to which, nowadays, is given a remarkable stimulus towards scientific progress and biomedical advancement. It represents a powerful and essential tool when it comes to observe and investigate the several biological mechanisms taking place in living cells and, through their understanding, it is possible to carry out beneficial insights for the human well-being. Analysis of biofunctions, cell metabolism, photoinduced dynamics processes in body tissues, along with their physical and chemical features, are only few of the main applications of optical microscopy, already adopted in laboratories around the globe. Other potential utilizations, on the contrary, are in continuous development, such as the ones related to the research field of histopathology, like cancer, or the ones that exploits innovative materials, such as graphene, for biomedical processes. Tissue pathologies are characterized by two challenging steps, 1) the clinical diagnosis in their early stage, since symptoms, often, are not immediately observable in the patient and 2) the therapeutical treatment, which often is not successful. While, graphene and its derivatives represent a biological environmentally friendly tool, that can enable metabolite monitoring, biosensors applications or small drugs delivery in body regions of complicated access. Improvements in both, therefore, could lead to a valuable help from a medical point of view. Pump-Probe (P&P) and Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) are nonlinear imaging techniques, belonging to OM, that enable label-free, non-destructive, non-invasive and high-quality characterization of biological samples. They have the same working principle and the same purpose, even if the two physical processes are different. In P&P, a pump pulse resonantly excites the sample under examination, while a delayed probe pulse is used to investigate the pump-induced normalized differential transmission changes (∆T/T(τ)) in the probe as a function of the temporal delay τ between the two pulses. On the other hand, SRS is a four-wave mixing process, characterized analogously by two input laser pulses, the pump and the Stokes, collinearly and simultaneously incident on the sample. When the frequency difference between them matches a certain molecular vibrational frequency, the nonlinear optical signal is generated, due to the sample third order susceptibility χ^((3) ), and the signal can be detected. In this work, portion of tissues, in which are dosed small quantities of graphene, are analyzed in order to present the efficiency, consistency and robustness of both techniques from a biological and, thus, physical and chemical perspective. In chapter 1, an overview on OM is delineated, with particular attention to both P&P and SRS, whereas Chapter 2 deals with the theoretical concepts of P&P, SRS and a dedicated part to the physics of the lock-in detection, employed in this work. Chapter 3 describes the experimental setup configurations and, finally, in Chapter 4, results are discussed, along with a conclusional paragraph.
La Microscopia Ottica (OM) è una tra le moderne tecnologie alla quale, oggigiorno, è conferito un considerevole stimolo ai fini del progresso scientifico e sviluppo biomedico. Rappresenta uno strumento potente ed essenziale quando si tratta di osservare e investigare i diversi meccanismi biologici che hanno luogo nelle cellule viventi e, attraverso la loro comprensione, è possibile apportare risultati positivi e vantaggiosi per il benessere della persona. L’analisi di funzioni biologiche, del metabolismo cellulare, dei processi dinamici foto-indotti nei tessuti corporei, insieme alle loro proprietà fisiche e chimiche, sono solo alcune delle più significative applicazioni, adottate al giorno d’oggi nei laboratori dei diversi continenti. Altri potenziali impieghi, al contrario, sono in continuo sviluppo, ad esempio quelli appartenenti al campo di ricerca dell’istopatologia, come i tumori, o quelli in riferimento all’utilizzo di materiali innovativi per processi biomedici, come il grafene. Le patologie dei tessuti sono caratterizzate da due complesse problematiche, 1) la diagnosi clinica nella fase iniziale della malattia, siccome spesso i sintomi non sono immediatamente osservabili da parte del paziente stesso e 2) la conseguente terapia, la quale spesso non risulta efficace. Il grafene e i suoi derivati, invece, rappresentano uno strumento biocompatibile, che permetterebbe il monitoraggio metabolico, l’applicazione di biosensori o il trasporto di piccole sostanze per raggiungere regioni di difficile accesso nel corpo umano. Progressi in entrambi i settori, dunque, porterebbero a un valido ausilio da un punto di vista medico. Pump-Probe (P&P) e stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) sono tecniche di produzione di immagini, basate su processi ottici non lineari, che appartengono alla Microscopia Ottica, e che consentono di caratterizzare campioni biologici senza l’utilizzo di coloranti, in modo non invasivo e non distruttivo e con un’elevata qualità. Esse hanno lo stesso principio di funzionamento e lo stesso scopo, ma presentano un differente processo fisico alla base. In P&P, un primo fascio (chiamato pump) eccita in modo risonante il campione in esame, mentre un secondo fascio ritardato temporalmente (chiamato probe) è utilizzato per investigare la variazione nella trasmissione, normalizzata, indotta dalla pump, in termini differenziali (∆T/T). Questi cambiamenti dipendono dal ritardo temporale τ, che sussiste tra i due fasci. D’altro canto, SRS è un processo in cui quattro onde elettromagnetiche interagiscono tra loro, caratterizzato, analogamente a sopra, da due fasci incidenti (pump and Stokes), in modo collineare e simultaneo sul campione stesso. Quando la differenza tra le due frequenze incidenti risulta identica a una specifica frequenza vibrazionale della molecola, il segnale Raman non lineare è generato e, può essere rilevato. In questo elaborato, sono analizzate porzioni di tessuti diversi, contenenti piccole quantità di grafene, ai fini di presentare l’efficienza, la consistenza e la robustezza di entrambe le tecniche, P&P e SRS, da un punto di vista biologico, chimico e fisico. Nel capitolo 1, sono delineati i tratti generali della Microscopia Ottica, con particolare attenzione alle due tecniche utilizzate, mentre il capitolo 2 descrive i concetti teorici sia di P&P sia di SRS e una parte è dedicata all’acquisizione dei dati tramite la tecnica lock-in. Il capitolo 3 presenta, invece, la configurazione del setup sperimentale e, da ultimo, il capitolo 4 analizza e discute i risultati. Le conclusioni chiudono l’intero elaborato.
Pump-probe and stimulated Raman scattering for the characterization of biological samples
Dell'Oro, Giada
2020/2021
Abstract
Optical microscopy (OM) is one of the modern technologies to which, nowadays, is given a remarkable stimulus towards scientific progress and biomedical advancement. It represents a powerful and essential tool when it comes to observe and investigate the several biological mechanisms taking place in living cells and, through their understanding, it is possible to carry out beneficial insights for the human well-being. Analysis of biofunctions, cell metabolism, photoinduced dynamics processes in body tissues, along with their physical and chemical features, are only few of the main applications of optical microscopy, already adopted in laboratories around the globe. Other potential utilizations, on the contrary, are in continuous development, such as the ones related to the research field of histopathology, like cancer, or the ones that exploits innovative materials, such as graphene, for biomedical processes. Tissue pathologies are characterized by two challenging steps, 1) the clinical diagnosis in their early stage, since symptoms, often, are not immediately observable in the patient and 2) the therapeutical treatment, which often is not successful. While, graphene and its derivatives represent a biological environmentally friendly tool, that can enable metabolite monitoring, biosensors applications or small drugs delivery in body regions of complicated access. Improvements in both, therefore, could lead to a valuable help from a medical point of view. Pump-Probe (P&P) and Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) are nonlinear imaging techniques, belonging to OM, that enable label-free, non-destructive, non-invasive and high-quality characterization of biological samples. They have the same working principle and the same purpose, even if the two physical processes are different. In P&P, a pump pulse resonantly excites the sample under examination, while a delayed probe pulse is used to investigate the pump-induced normalized differential transmission changes (∆T/T(τ)) in the probe as a function of the temporal delay τ between the two pulses. On the other hand, SRS is a four-wave mixing process, characterized analogously by two input laser pulses, the pump and the Stokes, collinearly and simultaneously incident on the sample. When the frequency difference between them matches a certain molecular vibrational frequency, the nonlinear optical signal is generated, due to the sample third order susceptibility χ^((3) ), and the signal can be detected. In this work, portion of tissues, in which are dosed small quantities of graphene, are analyzed in order to present the efficiency, consistency and robustness of both techniques from a biological and, thus, physical and chemical perspective. In chapter 1, an overview on OM is delineated, with particular attention to both P&P and SRS, whereas Chapter 2 deals with the theoretical concepts of P&P, SRS and a dedicated part to the physics of the lock-in detection, employed in this work. Chapter 3 describes the experimental setup configurations and, finally, in Chapter 4, results are discussed, along with a conclusional paragraph.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/182834