Hydrogels are three-dimensional hydrophilic polymer systems commonly studied in medicine for a broad spectrum of applications. The main reason for the choice of hydrogels lies in the high water content that makes them capable of simulating, in terms of elasticity, the tissue apparatus. Furthermore, hydrogels are also routinely used for controlled drug delivery. The main uses of these formulations in the literature are therefore biomedical application and drug delivery. The aim of this work was therefore to investigate these two typical uses of the gel, in particular, in the first case the attention was placed on the treatment of colorectal cancer, while in the second case the study was on the modality of diffusion. and release of the loaded drug. Colon adenocarcinoma is the most common malignant neoplasm of the gastrointestinal tract and one of the world's leading factors of mortality. Current treatments include, if possible, resection of the primary tumor and partial removal of the organ in the more advanced stages; all this flanked by systemic therapies with chemotherapeutic agents. This type of approach is by no means devoid of heavy side effects and negative aspects. The San Raffaele Hospital, with the support of AIRC (Italian Association for Cancer Research), has in fact launched a project aimed at developing a new solution suitable for intraoperative implantation: "Type I interferon subtypes with high in vivo potency for the treatment of liver colorectal cancer metastases ". Immunotherapy using interferons, in fact, makes it possible to activate the adaptive immune system which is partially inhibited with surgery. This stands as an innovative frontier in the field of treatment for colorectal cancer and related liver metastases, but it must be administered locally with constant and protracted concentrations. Here lies the need to develop new controlled drug delivery systems. The implantation of an easy-to-synthesize polymer scaffold could therefore replace chemotherapy by reducing its side effects. Starting from carbomer and agarose hydrogels, a modification was made with hyaluronic acid of three different molecular weights, creating a spectrum of different possible formulations. The introduction of a spacer in the form of a different polymer was designed to enlarge the size of the meshes of the network and optimize the density of crosslinks, allowing the loading of larger molecules. The first part of the project in particular concerned what is the characterization of the material. These systems were investigated by assessing chemical structure, mesh size, swelling, enzymatic degradation and release of mimetic drugs. Once the characterization part was completed, a chemical click methodology was studied capable of attaching the drug Cy5-azide to the hyaluronic acid molecules of the gel. At the procedural level, the first step was to functionalize hyaluronic acid with propargyl bromide and then attach rhodamine to this, a fluorescent molecule with the function of mimicking the drug concerned. The second part of this project was dedicated to the study of the diffusive behavior of hydrogels, based both on the agarose-carbomer (AC) compound alone, and in the presence of hyaluronic acid of different molecular weights. So far, drug delivery has been studied in different systems and the focus was on pure diffusion according to Fick's laws. On the other hand, in particular at drug concentrations typical of pharmacological treatments, there are other mechanisms capable of describing the spread. The most important that have been considered are drug-polymer interactions, which affect transport and which cannot be neglected in order to ensure optimization of the aforementioned, and drug-drug interactions. In support of these mechanisms hypothesized recently, studies on adsorption associated with drug delivery systems in hydrogels have also been conducted both in the context of the classic drug loading process, and in order to find a strategy for the delivery of several drugs at the same time. Therefore, considering hydrogels as purely diffusive release systems, the diffusion coefficient is one of the most important parameters to better understand these systems. In particular, in this work the diffusivities of two solutes in hydrogels were mainly analyzed: ethosuximide and sodium salicylate. The molecules were loaded into the gels, studied and optimized at different concentrations. The main aim was to investigate the possibility of predicting experimental behaviors and to verify the various hypotheses of super-diffusion, present in the literature, made on the model. Therefore, the release of drugs has not been studied only for the purpose of characterization, but also to support and understand the diffusion of molecules within the gel. First, a physico-chemical characterization was performed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. At this point, high-resolution proton spectra of the drugs dissolved in gel and water solution were used to demonstrate the hypothesized super-diffusion behavior. In addition, high-resolution NMR spectroscopy with magic angle (HR-MAS) developed for soft systems, such as our case, was used to study drug behavior and in particular drug-drug and drug-polymer matrix interactions. The data extracted for both drugs confirm the superdiffusive theories, showing a reduction in the diffusion coefficient compared to the drug solution in water. In the following work, however, it was found an anomalous behavior of the drugs, which not under all conditions exhibit a Gaussian motion in a confined system. The most striking case is that of sodium salicylate which shows an increase in the diffusion coefficient as the concentration increases, with important variations from the Gaussian fitting. Finally, attempts at codelivery were also made, following the demonstrated absence of interaction between the two drugs, which confirmed the real possibility of a simultaneous drug delivery.
Gli idrogel sono sistemi polimerici idrofili tridimensionali comunemente studiati in medicina per un ampio spettro di applicazioni. Il motivo principale della scelta degli idrogel risiede nell'elevato contenuto di acqua che li rende capaci di simulare, in termini di elasticità, l'apparato tissutale. Inoltre, gli idrogel sono abitualmente usati anche per il rilascio controllato di farmaci. Gli utilizzi principali di queste formulazioni in letteratura risultano quindi l'applicazione biomedicale e il drug delivery. L'obiettivo di questo lavoro è stato quindi approfondire queste due tipici impieghi del gel, in particolare, nel primo caso si è posta l'attenzione sul trattamento del cancro colon-rettale, mentre nel secondo caso l'approfondimento è stato sulla modalità di diffusione e di rilascio del farmaco caricato. L'adenocarcinoma del colon è la neoplasia maligna più comune del tratto gastrointestinale ed uno dei principali fattori mondiali di mortalità. I trattamenti attuali prevedono, se possibile, la resezione del tumore primario e la rimozione parziale dell'organo negli stadi più avanzati; tutto questo affiancato da terapie sistemiche con agenti chemioterapici. Questo tipo di approccio non è affatto privo di effetti collaterali pesanti ed aspetti negativi. L'Ospedale San Raffaele, con il supporto di AIRC (Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro), ha infatti avviato un progetto finalizzato a sviluppare una nuova soluzione adatta all'impianto intraoperatorio: ``Type I interferon subtypes with high in vivo potency for the treatment of liver colorectal cancer metastases''. L'immunoterapia tramite interferoni, infatti, rende possibile l'attivazione del sistema immunitario adattivo che viene parzialmente inibito con l'intervento chirurgico. Questo si pone come frontiera innovativa nel campo delle cure per il cancro al colon-retto e le relative metastasi epatiche, ma deve essere somministrata localmente con concentrazioni costanti e protratte nel tempo. Qui risiede la necessità di sviluppare nuovi sistemi di rilascio controllato di farmaci. L'impianto di un'impalcatura polimerica facile da sintetizzare potrebbe quindi sostituire la chemioterapia riducendone gli effetti collaterali. Partendo da idrogel di carbomer e agarosio è stata effettuata una modifica con acido ialuronico di tre diversi pesi molecolari, creando uno spettro di diverse formulazioni possibili. L'introduzione di un distanziatore sotto forma di differente polimero è stata pensata per allargare la dimensione delle maglie della rete e ottimizzare la densità di crosslinks, permettendo il caricamento delle molecole dalle dimensioni maggiori. La prima parte del progetto in particolare ha riguardato quella che è la caratterizzazione del materiale. Questi sistemi sono stati studiati tramite la valutazione della struttura chimica, la dimensione delle maglie, lo swelling, il degrado enzimatico e il rilascio di farmaci mimetici. Una volta conclusa la parte di caratterizzazione è stata studiata una metodologia di click chimica in grado di attaccare alle molecole di acido ialuronico del gel il farmaco Cy5-azide. A livello di procedura il primo passo è stato quello di funzionalizzare l'acido ialuronico con il propargil bromuro per poi attaccare a questo la rodamina, molecola fluorescente con la funzione di mimare il farmaco interessato. La seconda parte di questo progetto è stata dedicata allo studio del comportamento diffusivo degli idrogel, basati sia sul composto agarosio-carbomero (AC) da solo, che in presenza di acido ialuronico a diversi pesi molecolari. Finora il drug delivery è stato studiato in diversi sistemi e ci si concentrava sulla pura diffusione secondo le leggi di Fick. Invece, in particolare a concentrazioni di farmaco tipiche dei trattamenti farmacologici, esistono altri meccanismi in grado di descrivere la diffusione. I più importanti che sono stati considerati sono le interazioni farmaco-polimero, che influenzano il trasporto e che non possono essere trascurate al fine di garantire un'ottimizzazione dei suddetti, e le interazioni farmaco-farmaco. A supporto di questi meccanismi ipotizzati recentemente sono stati anche condotti degli studi sull'adsorbimento associati ai sistemi di drug delivery negli idrogel sia nell'ambito del classico processo di caricamento del farmaco, sia al fine di trovare una strategia per il rilascio di più farmaci contemporaneamente. Considerando quindi gli idrogel come sistemi a rilascio puramente diffusivo, il coefficiente di diffusione si presenta come uno dei parametri più importanti per comprendere al meglio questi sistemi. In particolare in questo lavoro sono state analizzate principalmente le diffusività di due soluti in idrogel: etosuccimide e sodio salicilato. Le molecole sono state caricate nei gel, studiate e ottimizzate a diverse concentrazioni. Il principale scopo è stato quello di indagare la possibilità di predire dei comportamenti sperimentali e verificare le varie ipotesi di superdiffusività, presenti in letteratura, fatte sul modello. Quindi il rilascio dei farmaci non è stato studiato solo a scopo di caratterizzazione, ma anche per affiancare e comprendere la diffusione di molecole all'interno del gel. In primo luogo è stata effettuata una caratterizzazione chimico-fisica utilizzando la spettroscopia di risonanza magnetica nucleare (NMR). A questo punto, spettri protonici ad alta risoluzione dei farmaci disciolti in soluzione gel e acqua sono stati usati per dimostrare il comportamento superdiffusivo ipotizzato. Inoltre, la spettroscopia NMR ad alta risoluzione con angolo magico (HR-MAS) sviluppata per sistemi soft, come il nostro caso, è stata utilizzata per studiare il comportamento dei farmaci e in particolare le interazioni farmaco-farmaco e farmaco-matrice polimerica. I dati estratti per entrambi i farmaci confermano le teorie superdiffusive, manifestando una riduzione del coefficiente di diffusione rispetto alla soluzione di farmaco in acqua. Nel seguente lavoro si è riscontrato però un comportamento anomalo dei farmaci, i quali non in tutte le condizioni presentano un moto Gaussiano in un sistema confinato. Il caso più eclatante è quello del sodio salicilato che manifesta un aumento del coefficiente di diffusione all'aumentare della concentrazione, con importanti variazioni dal fitting gaussiano. Sono state infine anche fatti dei tentativi di codelivery, a seguito della dimostrata assenza di interazione tra i due farmaci, che hanno confermato la reale possibilità di un drug delivery contemporaneo.
Formulated hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels for controlled drug delivery in cancer treatment
Delleani, Sara
2021/2022
Abstract
Hydrogels are three-dimensional hydrophilic polymer systems commonly studied in medicine for a broad spectrum of applications. The main reason for the choice of hydrogels lies in the high water content that makes them capable of simulating, in terms of elasticity, the tissue apparatus. Furthermore, hydrogels are also routinely used for controlled drug delivery. The main uses of these formulations in the literature are therefore biomedical application and drug delivery. The aim of this work was therefore to investigate these two typical uses of the gel, in particular, in the first case the attention was placed on the treatment of colorectal cancer, while in the second case the study was on the modality of diffusion. and release of the loaded drug. Colon adenocarcinoma is the most common malignant neoplasm of the gastrointestinal tract and one of the world's leading factors of mortality. Current treatments include, if possible, resection of the primary tumor and partial removal of the organ in the more advanced stages; all this flanked by systemic therapies with chemotherapeutic agents. This type of approach is by no means devoid of heavy side effects and negative aspects. The San Raffaele Hospital, with the support of AIRC (Italian Association for Cancer Research), has in fact launched a project aimed at developing a new solution suitable for intraoperative implantation: "Type I interferon subtypes with high in vivo potency for the treatment of liver colorectal cancer metastases ". Immunotherapy using interferons, in fact, makes it possible to activate the adaptive immune system which is partially inhibited with surgery. This stands as an innovative frontier in the field of treatment for colorectal cancer and related liver metastases, but it must be administered locally with constant and protracted concentrations. Here lies the need to develop new controlled drug delivery systems. The implantation of an easy-to-synthesize polymer scaffold could therefore replace chemotherapy by reducing its side effects. Starting from carbomer and agarose hydrogels, a modification was made with hyaluronic acid of three different molecular weights, creating a spectrum of different possible formulations. The introduction of a spacer in the form of a different polymer was designed to enlarge the size of the meshes of the network and optimize the density of crosslinks, allowing the loading of larger molecules. The first part of the project in particular concerned what is the characterization of the material. These systems were investigated by assessing chemical structure, mesh size, swelling, enzymatic degradation and release of mimetic drugs. Once the characterization part was completed, a chemical click methodology was studied capable of attaching the drug Cy5-azide to the hyaluronic acid molecules of the gel. At the procedural level, the first step was to functionalize hyaluronic acid with propargyl bromide and then attach rhodamine to this, a fluorescent molecule with the function of mimicking the drug concerned. The second part of this project was dedicated to the study of the diffusive behavior of hydrogels, based both on the agarose-carbomer (AC) compound alone, and in the presence of hyaluronic acid of different molecular weights. So far, drug delivery has been studied in different systems and the focus was on pure diffusion according to Fick's laws. On the other hand, in particular at drug concentrations typical of pharmacological treatments, there are other mechanisms capable of describing the spread. The most important that have been considered are drug-polymer interactions, which affect transport and which cannot be neglected in order to ensure optimization of the aforementioned, and drug-drug interactions. In support of these mechanisms hypothesized recently, studies on adsorption associated with drug delivery systems in hydrogels have also been conducted both in the context of the classic drug loading process, and in order to find a strategy for the delivery of several drugs at the same time. Therefore, considering hydrogels as purely diffusive release systems, the diffusion coefficient is one of the most important parameters to better understand these systems. In particular, in this work the diffusivities of two solutes in hydrogels were mainly analyzed: ethosuximide and sodium salicylate. The molecules were loaded into the gels, studied and optimized at different concentrations. The main aim was to investigate the possibility of predicting experimental behaviors and to verify the various hypotheses of super-diffusion, present in the literature, made on the model. Therefore, the release of drugs has not been studied only for the purpose of characterization, but also to support and understand the diffusion of molecules within the gel. First, a physico-chemical characterization was performed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. At this point, high-resolution proton spectra of the drugs dissolved in gel and water solution were used to demonstrate the hypothesized super-diffusion behavior. In addition, high-resolution NMR spectroscopy with magic angle (HR-MAS) developed for soft systems, such as our case, was used to study drug behavior and in particular drug-drug and drug-polymer matrix interactions. The data extracted for both drugs confirm the superdiffusive theories, showing a reduction in the diffusion coefficient compared to the drug solution in water. In the following work, however, it was found an anomalous behavior of the drugs, which not under all conditions exhibit a Gaussian motion in a confined system. The most striking case is that of sodium salicylate which shows an increase in the diffusion coefficient as the concentration increases, with important variations from the Gaussian fitting. Finally, attempts at codelivery were also made, following the demonstrated absence of interaction between the two drugs, which confirmed the real possibility of a simultaneous drug delivery.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/182982